Abstract In the medical field, a medical professional's first duty is to do no harm to their patients. However, studies have shown that often times the care that injured or ill people received not only occasionally worsened their condition, but also in some instances were proven fatal. In particular adverse drug reactions are one of the most common examples of this tragic scenario. This paper discusses the increased direct-to-consumer marketing efforts of pharmaceutical companies, the types of adverse drug reactions and finally the incidence of drug reactions.
From the Paper "A major cause of morbidity and mortality, worldwide, is adverse drug reactions, as caused by either immune or non-immune mechanisms. These reactions are the most common iatrogenic illnesses, which complicate between five and fifteen percent of therapeutic drug courses. More than 100,000 deaths, in the United States, are characterized by serious, adverse drug reactions, each year (Riedl & Casillas, 2003, p. 1781)."
Abstract This paper argues that people might talk about the benefits of animal testing but it is established that animal testing can delay the production of drugs, which would be beneficial to the humans, because they expressed adversereactions in the animals. The author suggests that there are other alternatives to animal testing including test tube experimentation of human tissue cultures. The paper states that, even though it is difficult to measure the degree of pain and stress caused animals through this inhumane treatment of animals, which no legislation can prevent, this use of animals is immoral and unethical.
Table of Contents
Animal Testing - The Cons
Animal Testing - The Pros
Conclusion
From the Paper "Moreover, vivisection does not guarantee the accuracy of the treatment as human diseases differ from animal diseases and the result can be very misleading at times. Further the therapy of the drug differs depending on the species that it is used upon. Therefore a drug might have beneficial effects on a monkey but it could have adverse effects on a human. Belladonna is harmless to rabbits but can kill a human. More examples like these are seen throughout history and one was seen in England where Opren, an anti-rheumatic drug, caused the death of over 70 people and put over 3000 people into critical conditions."
Abstract The paper deals with a very detailed investigation into how the kinetics of a reaction changes from alterationss in pH, the concerntration of reactants and the addition of a catlyst in a homogenous solution. Also included is the most effective, yet efficient manner, of determining the rate of the reaction including detailed mathematical calculations. There is a lot of experimental data as evidence included and a detailed practical guide of how the investigation was undertaken and numerous discussions.This paper is essential as a reference for those studying reaction kinetics.
From the Paper "Investigate the kinetics of the above reaction and thus attempt to find a rate equation for the reaction and also establishing the best method to determine the rate of the reaction. I will do this by varying the concentrations of Iodide ions, H+ ions and Hydrogen Peroxide to generate the rate equation, I will also try to find the effect of a catalyst: Molybdate ion on the rate of reaction and also if the amount of catalyst is relevant in a homogenous reaction. The rate will be found using the iodine clock reaction and also by the use of a pH meter and a colorimeter, and these methods will be assessed to help determine the best method of analysis."
Abstract This paper describes a chemistry experiment in enthalpy change during chemical reactions. It looks at the enthalpy change in the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. The experimental method is described and the results analyzed. The write-up shows details of the experiment recorded and how the calculations are made.
From the Paper "This laboratory exercise studied the enthalpy change of a chemical reaction between magnesium (Mg) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) The experiment is designed to calculate the energy released from a single replacement reaction. The reaction is exothermic, i.e., it gives off heat. An empty calorimeter was weighed and the temperature of the calorimeter recorded. A g sample of Mg was added to mL HCl an the calorimeter with a thermometer attached. The maximum temperature reached during the reaction was recorded. The final weight of the calorimeter..."
Abstract The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) allows scientists to directly and exponentially amplify small samples of DNA. It will permit molecular archaeologists to analyze the genealogical relationships of extinct species and vanished populations and their relationship to living creatures. This paper outlines the technique and assesses its strengths and weaknesses.
This well-researched paper analyzes the issue of adverse possession and its impact while also focusing on the 5th Amendment and its stipulation regarding ownership of property.
Abstract The writer of this paper explores the legal ramifications of adverse possession and the 5th amendment, while arguing that the government does not have the right to take over property through the use of adverse possession rules. The writer defines adverse possession as the act of taking the title to land or real property through the act of physical occupation. This paper cites several court cases and legal arguments regarding adverse possession by the government, against a private land owner. This paper examines the law, which varies, in different states relating to this specific topic. The writer contends and explains why a case of adverse possession can be understood when it comes to private parties, but in the case of the government taking over land, there are objections. This paper details the five essential components needed to claim adverse possession. This paper also discusses the 5th Amendment which states that private property may only be taken for public use if just compensation is paid.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is Adverse Possession?
References
Cases
From the Paper "Adverse possession can only be done if the land owner did not give permission for h the land to be used. If the owner gives permission that makes the person or entity using the land a tenant and that is not something that adverse possession can apply to. Adverse possession is only allowed if there is no permission given and the person or entity simply squats on the land illegally as a trespasser for a certain amount of time. Adverse possession is in and of itself an act of illegal trespassing and aggression, and not something the government has the right to do. One expert explains adverse possession as: "As I've said before, adverse possession turns a trespasser into a true owner. The legal claim is based on the 20-year statute of limitation for filing suit to recover land. If the original owner doesn't sue within 20 years to kick somebody off his or her property, the intruder becomes the owner and can kick the old owner off."
Abstract The paper analyzes the article "Preventable Adverse Patient Outcomes", which states that since 1995 Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) have been doing closed claim analyses on adverse anesthesia outcomes from cases supplied to them by insurance companies. The paper examines how, by doing this analysis, a board of eight certified nurse anesthetists found that of the cases they studied thirty-eight percent of CRNA-related claims involved a respiratory incident as the primary cause of the negative patient outcome. The paper discusses how, by attaining this information, the research assists in ensuring that hospitals, clinics and surgical centers are made safer.
From the Paper "The article also states that errors in clinical judgment and failure to adhere to standards of practice and/or recommended protocols also were identified as patterns in practitioner behavior that contributed to the negative outcomes. Also stated was the importance of identifying patients before the procedure, who might have a higher risk of aspiration."
Abstract This paper discusses employee benefits and discusses how they may have adverse effects on the employee and employer compensation business practice. The paper argues that certain benefits have an adverse effect on the business, in that they could make revenue and profits go down. The paper then discusses the need for benefit plans that have a positive outcome for employees and employers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Some companies hire temporary help because they do not have to pay for medical benefits, which are more than hiring cost. In order to overcome the issues, the CEO needs to consider group thinking and conformity so that everyone can work together. Group thinking and conformity focuses on the interpersonal transaction between managers and employee. Leaders are seen as engaging in behaviors that maintain a quality interaction between themselves and followers. The company is lacking group thinking and conformity because no one is willing to work together. In order to be an effective company, they have to conform as one so that productivity can be increased to make high profits."
Abstract Studies of reaction times have been of interest to a wide variety of people for several centuries. Among one of the industries that stands to benefit the most from a more comprehensive understanding of reaction times is the automobile insurance industry, which charges customers premiums based on the risk that they might get into an accident. There is reason to believe that this propensity is directly correlated to reaction time. This paper shows that, whereas, in simple reaction time experiments, there is only one stimulus and one response, in choice reaction time experiments, the user must give a response that corresponds to the stimulus. This system most closely resembles that of driving. The paper shows that insurers have found that reaction time is determined as the time required for a driver to perceive a hazard and apply the brakes or turn the steering wheel. As a result, reaction time tests used to measure driving competency would have to focus on this particular metric.
From the Paper "Other studies have shown that reaction times improve when there is a sense of anticipation in the subject, which bodes poorly for the method's use to the automobile insurance industry. Sanders (1998, p. 21) This has two implications to the industry: first, people with higher reaction times will tend to be better drivers and people who engage in reaction-time intensive activities such as video games will have higher reaction times. Secondly, testing will not reveal skills as well as might have been thought. Brebner and Welford (1980) report that reaction times are faster when the subject has been warned that a stimulus will arrive soon."
Abstract This paper reports that the results of the experiment were consistent with the hypothesis that people who play video games at least 10 hours a week will have improved reaction times over people who do not play video games. The author points out that, for the purposes of this study, gamers were defined as participants who played video games ten hours a week or more, while non-gamers were defined as those who played video games less than ten hours a week. The paper relates that an online survey was created through www.surveymonkey.com and administered to obtain demographics, information about the gaming habits of participants and whether or not they participated in any other activity that could increase their reaction times.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Methodology
Participants
Materials and Measures
Online Survey
Online Reaction Test
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix: Gaming and Reaction Time Survey Questionnaire
From the Paper "Laming (1968) found that reaction times for recognition reaction time tests averaged 0.384 seconds. The means obtained from the current experiment are lower than the expected means for a reaction time test. The mean reaction time for gamers was 0.248 seconds, while that of non-gamers was 0.305 seconds. This may be due to the fact that the measures used in the current experiment were more accurate than those used by Laming or because the stimuli presented were simpler."
Abstract The writer defines the test, discusses the results and analyzes the implications. The dependent variable in the study is behavior, specifically the reaction time (RT) of student's responses. Two types of reaction times are included in the test: simple and discriminative. The simple reaction time involves a purely physical stimulus while the discriminative reaction time was measured in the same way, but with the addition of an auditory stimulus.
From the Paper "Within this study, there were several instances of measurement error. One example is that the weight of the rulers between the different reaction time group participants was not standardized. Another example is that in the study of discrimination reaction time, the use of "beep" and "boop" was not reversed to determine if both words were equal in regards to the reaction time. A final example is that all groups did the simple reaction time first. This is a possible error in the study because all the figures for the discrimination reaction time study could have been confounded by the fact that the participants were used to the experiment or that it was later in the day."
Tags: participants, variable, study, behavior, test
Abstract The mitsunobu reaction, discovered in 1967, involves the stereospecific reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) to give an ester. This paper provides an overview of this chemical reaction and presents explanations via numerous diagrams and figures.
From the Paper "In 1976, it was found that the formation of nitriles is also easily reached when cyanide is used as a nucleophile under Mitsunobu conditions.10 Recently, however, acetone cyanohydrin has been used as a source of hydrogen cyanide for this reaction (see figure 7). With a comparable yield and a less toxic reagent, acetone cyanohydrin is a suitable replacement for HCN.11 In this system, similar to other Mitsunobu systems, sterically hindered secondary alcohols tend to give poor yields."
Abstract This paper is a writeup of a chemistry experiment examining the reaction kinetics of cooling water. The paper includes graphs of temperature vs. time. The paper shows how to determine the reaction rate from the slope of the line of the graph.
From the Paper "This laboratory looked at reaction kinetics. A thermometer was suspended in a large test tube with a clothespin so that it was not touching the sides or bottom. The thermometer was allowed to come to room temperature..."
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of postmodernism of resistance and postmodernism of reaction. It explores this concept and use examples of art to illustrate what is meant by this contrast. The paper describes and discusses art works by Hans Hofmann, Damien Hirst and Sherrie Levine and shows how these artists portrayed postmodernism of resistance or postmodernism of reaction.
From the Paper "Instead, I would argue that the art world needed to wait another ten years to see true examples of "postmodernism of resistance" - in the form of artwork such as Damien Hirst's, which embodied what has been termed a "striking analogue for the relationship between aesthetic and lived experience" (Hopkins 228). Here was something that was utterly different, in that it was not merely a reaction against the formalism of Modernism. Instead, it embodied a sweeping paradigm shift, relocating art within the paradigm of installation. In so doing, it resists Modernism to the extent that it even places new demands upon the viewer of art - for example, often she must move. Indeed, her movement may inform the meaning of the artwork - something scarcely contemplated in the formalism of Modernism. Moreover, rather than form following function, function becomes irrelevant."
Abstract This paper describes a chemistry experiment looking at the various factors which affect reaction rates. The paper studies the affects of temperature, surface area and catalysts (NaCl and vinegar) on the dissolution of Alka Seltzer tablets. The paper demonstrates that increases in time and surface area as well as the presence of a catalyst shortened the time needed for the tablets to dissolve.
