Abstract
This paper examines the social roots and emancipatory aims of adult educators. The paper encourages all adult educators, including those primarily engaged in vocational training,to be competent practitioners and aware of Canadian traditions in adult education.

From the Paper
"We tend to forget our social roots and emancipatory aims as adult educators. All adult educators, including those primarily engaged in vocational training, need to be competent practitioners and aware of Canadian traditions in adult education. (Scott, Spencer & Thomas, 1998, p. 13) Keeping this perspective in mind, and drawing on course material attached and your own experience, discuss what you think the purpose of adult education should be in the early twenty-first century. We tend to forget our social roots and emancipatory aims as adult..."

Tags:adult, education, society

Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes Sue M. Scott's article, "An Overview of Transformation Theory in Adult Education." According to the paper, the article is a useful and informative introduction to the subject of transformation theory in adult education. Using sub-headings, the author provides an overview of the subject matter in a clear and logically ordered way. Additionally, the article is described as a brief but informative introduction to the important and topical subject area of transformation in adult education.

From the Paper
"Sue M. Scott's article, "An Overview of Transformation Theory in Adult Education," is a useful and informative introduction to the subject of transformation theory in adult education. Using sub-headings, the author provides an overview of the subject matter in a clear and logically ordered way. This text will be useful for students and practitioners alike, as it will provide them with a brief but informative introduction to the important and topical subject area of transformation in adult education."

Tags:education, transformation, adults

Abstract
This paper presents and in-depth overview of the purposes and outcomes of adult education. First, the paper debunks the myth that adults are not able to learn successfully. Then, it shows how the human brain is constantly interpreting its surroundings, and as long as it is exposed to new situations and stimuli, new neurological pathways are created. Next, the paper explores effective ways to encourage adults to embrace learning and education, particularly through adult education programs and classes. The paper concludes by stating that adult education is a way to improve individually, to uncover new talents and opportunities, and to find a way to enjoy a potential new career or avenue of self-actualization

Outline:

The Perceived Effectiveness of Inner City Educational Programs for Adults
Trends in Education to Improve the Opportunities for Disadvantaged Adult's

From the Paper
"Adult education per se is the practice of teaching adults. This can happen in the workplace, through continuing education courses taught at either the college or secondary level; or, for some subjects, at community colleges, life learning centers, libraries, or other community venues. Often scholars refer to adult learning as andragogy, as opposed to pedagogy; and a stratified difference is also made between vocational education, typically workplace related and focused on new tasks, skills, or systems that directly impact one's career, personal development education (e.g. dance, music, scuba diving, etc.), or formal education designed to foster a new career choice, or enhance one's ability to integrate more fully into the community. Within the model of Adult Education, a subset focuses on Disadvantaged Adults, who often take part in all rubrics of andragogy, depending upon their unique situation. Besides the typical resistance factors surrounding adult education, those adults with disadvantages economically, socially, or developmentally have an even more difficult time pursuing additional educational resources..."

Tags:literacy, labor force, homeless, workplace

Abstract
This paper uses several studies to discuss the problem of marginalization and prejudice against women in education. The paper looks at the lack of attention paid to how women learn and how social and cultural aspects affect female education. The paper describes different theories, including the psychological approach, the structural approach, and the post-structural approach, which have been used to analyze the problems in female adult education. It points out that, often, the explanations for the problems include overlapping theories.

From the Paper
"The problems in female adult education draw on a wide range of Feminist theory and theorists. While the number of women entering adult education is generally increasing, the consensus seems to be that this increase does not mean a concomitant increase in the alleviation of the marginalization and prejudice against women in education. An essential point that is emphasized is that, as Flannery and Heyes state, not enough attention is being given to the understanding of how women learn and to how cultural and social aspects construct the reality of female education."

Tags:instructional, learn, gender, learning, developmental, epistemology, collaborative, environments

Abstract
This paper discusses adult education and the validity of experiential learning in adult education. The paper explains why work and life experiences are legitimate forms of learning that should be equated with formal education.

Tags:Adult, Education

Abstract
The paper provides a summary of the literature recommending the self-directed learning technique for adult students. The paper discusses the history of older adult education and the modern challenges facing older adult students. The paper looks at the self-directed learning theory as well as other approaches to adult learning. The paper examines factors that are instrumental in implementing a successful adult education plan. The paper concludes that despite the undeniable problems facing the inclusion of older adults in higher education, the benefits to the community and individual are irrefutable.

Outline:
Introduction
A History of Older Adult Education
Modern Challenges Facing Older Adult Students
Self-Directed Learning
Other Approaches to Adult Learning
Suggested Teaching Plans
Conclusion: The Future for Older Students

From the Paper
"Historically, the concept of whether or not older adults are an integral part of the education system has caused considerable debate. Contention has raged for decades over the importance of older adults in higher education, the validity of the acceptance of older students and whether approaches to adult learning should differ compared to that of younger students. The general consensus today is that older adults are becoming an increasingly meaningful part of the education sector as more and more adults find themselves with leisure time and a desire to learn the technological advances occurring around them. This trend is exacerbated by modern conditions such as an aging population, the popularity of retirement and early retirement, and the tendency for people to go through several career changes over the course of their life (as opposed to the earlier half of the last century, when an individual typically remained in the same profession for the course of their life). As growing evidence suggests that the needs and learning preferences of older adults differ from that of younger, traditional students, the burgeoning fashion of adult education indicates a theoretical examination of the situation is prudent."

Tags:self-directed, learning, theory, retirement, career, vocation, changes, teacher

Abstract
This paper examines how the concept of using the Internet in the pursuit of higher education is not exactly new, but what has changed, however, is the increasing legitimacy and widespread use of the Internet in the pursuit of higher education, from the research of traditional college students to the complete education of students enrolled in "online universities" and courses. It looks at how adult students face unique challenges when they utilize the Internet as part of their education in ways that mirror the issues they face within other instructional modalities and how, in seeking to understand just how adults learn, these issues must be viewed collectively, for general adult learner/adult education studies must be considered as a whole along with the added factors arising out of the use of technology. It is in this synthesis that a good understanding of the behavior of adult learners in Internet/distance courses can be understood.

Outline
The Adult Learner and Adult Education
Learning Theories and Processes in Adults
Developmental Issues
Theory and Practice
Technology and the Adult Learner
Ethical Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Clearly the use of the Internet as an educational technology (when this problem is not acknowledged and dealt with) can allow the drawbacks of experiential contextualization to persist, where, perhaps in a traditional learning environment one that includes students of varying age, experience, cultural and ideological background, and one that forces the adult learner's participation in discussion and dialogue--the vantage points of other students may have a greater influence and changing effect. Here, awareness of the problem can be an important tool in developing and implementing "online courses", for educators can employ discussion groups online that have the ability to closely mimic physical classroom participation."

Tags:student, college, distance, technology

Abstract
This paper examines how capitalism - or any economic system -intersects with adult education. |The paper specifically discusses the impact of capitalism on adult education activities and how a more educated society can positively impact the economy. The paper focuses on the views of Cheng Kai-Ming in his article, "From Training to Education: Lifelong Learning in China."

Table of Contents:
How does Capitalism--or any Economic System--Intersect with Adult Education?
What Views about the Impact of Capitalism on Adult Education Activities are Represented in the Article?

From the Paper
"It should also be pointed out that these changes are not easy to accept. Mai-King points out," it is interesting to observe the role of culture in the process of change" (Mai-King). Mai-King notes that there can be no doubt about the significance of culture and its positive reinforcement regarding the value of education. In addition, the Chinese are not generally noted for their lack of motivation or desire to learn. These changes, in Mai-King's opinion do not "always reassure the traditional values of culture" (Mai-King). While adult education has made a positive stride over the past decades, the changes do not come easily. Individuals that seek more from an education also seek more from a society as well. This new attitude drives a wedge between old traditions and new philosophies. Mai-King states, "There is a clear deviation from the traditional aims of education for social mobility or collective objectives. Education is acquiring a new meaning" (Mai-King). In short, adult education has caused a shift in society that makes it "an essential vehicle for proactively adapting the workforce for rapid changes in the economy" (Mai-King). All in all, adult education is a good thing but it might take a while for the old ways to catch up with the new. One thing is certain - once the forward step is made, it is almost impossible to go back."

Tags:culture, learning, entrepreneur

Abstract
This paper explains that adult education, or andragogy as it is called, has been in existence practically since the founding of the country and, today, has become a major educational field used to empower millions of adults across the United States. The author discusses five philosophies, which have been created to explain and to improve the practices related to educating adults in the United States: The liberal, humanist, progressive, behavioral and radical philosophies. The paper stresses that the philosophical approach or combination of approaches must fit the specific needs of the adult learn and may vary for that learner from situation to situation; therefore, the learner needs to understand their own goals.

Table of Contents
The Progressive Philosophy
The Behaviorist Philosophy
The Humanist Philosophy
The Radical Philosophy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Like the progressive philosophy, behaviorism is also focused on scientific means to achieve its end. Education occurs within a controlled environment, with objectives that can be measured. The educational goal is then to change the learner's behavior only through environmental stimuli, without a concern for any other aspects of humanity such as emotion. The objective here is only to change behavior according to specific goals such as competency and programmed learning. Occupational training and professional development programs have benefited from this philosophy. The focus is heavily on stimulus-response designs in order to stimulate new behavior."

Tags:andragogy, environment, stimulus-response, goal-setting, teacher-centered

Abstract
This paper analyzes six learning models used in adult education - the Reflective Judgment by King and Kitchener, the Epistemological Reflection by Magolda, Brockett and Hiemstra's Self Direction model, Garrison's Self Directed Learning, Grow's Staged Self Directed Learning, and Knowles' Self Directed Adult Model. The author describes each model and also discusses the similarities and differences each model have with one another in regard to the cognitive and learning processes of adults.

From the Paper
"In all these different models, one thing is for certain. Heavy emphasis is placed on independent learning and being responsible for one's own learning. With teachers acting as facilitators and guides, it is expected that an adult learner can flourish in any setting. It seems that of all the researchers that have played a role in understanding adult learning processes, Knowles has played a major role in helping us understand it best, but Magolda's is the one that is most similar to everyone else's thoughts on adult learning."

Tags:adult education, independent learning