Abstract This paper digs deeply into how aspirin and salbutamol were developed and also how they interact in the body from a heavy chemical and neurological perspective. It also gives a detailed overview into how, in general, pharmacueticals are developed using bronchodilars as an example. Also included are numerous diagrams in order to aid the reader comprehend the text.
From the Paper "Since 400BC physicians prescribed a bitter powder extract from the willow bark tree to alleviate pain. In the middle of the 18th century two chemists by the name of Fontana and Brugnatelli extracted the active agent Salicin from the willow, and was then converted by Piria into Salicylic acid. Felix Hoffman a German chemist set about trying to synthesise salicylic acid."
Abstract The proposed research examines whether providing subjects with a program for improving their communication skills lowers their levels of job stress. The research also looks at whether any effects on job stress produced by the program significantly differ in relation to differences in study participants' ages, gender, or number of years working for the company. The study uses a pretest-post-test equivalent groups design in which employees at a large company are assigned in matched pairs to either the experimental or treatment conditions following their being pretested for their stress levels. Several null hypotheses are tested in the study using both descriptive and inferential analyses. These null hypotheses predict that employees participating in the workshop will evidence significantly lower levels of overall stress than employees in the control group.
From the Paper "Findings of the study showed that physicians felt overloaded and believed that its effect on home life made the greatest contribution to their job stress; they also felt that having good relationships with patients, relatives and staff made the greatest contribution to their job satisfaction. However, compared with the other specialist groups, physicians reported less stress from overload and more satisfaction from having good relationships. They also reported less stress and more satisfaction with the way they are managed and with provided resources. Hospital-based physicians reported more stress and less satisfaction from their management and resources than their colleagues working in hospices. It was further noted that 35 percent of physicians felt insufficiently trained in communication skills, and believed that the lack of proper communication skills contributed to their stress levels. In addition, it was found that burnout was more prevalent among consultants who felt insufficiently trained in communication skills than among those who felt sufficiently trained."
Abstract As we venture deeper into our lives, stress will become ever more prevalent. This paper shows that educating ourselves about not only stress related illnesses but how to manage stress will give our lives an easier path to success. The paper shows that stress can become an unhealthy habit, but learning the warning signs and how to cool off can provide us with a much healthier lifestyle.
From the Paper "As stress rises, our bodies adapt in many different ways to help us deal with the situation. The two main systems involved in our response to stress are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Activated primarily by an area in the brain stem called the locus coeruleus, the sympathetic nervous system secretes norepinephrine. As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine travels down the Vagus nerve, and stimulates the SA node in the heart which increases heart rate. Simultaneously, similar neurotransmitters travel to the blood causing them to open up or vasodialate the blood vessels. This overall response allows more blood flow to the needed portions of the body, which then increases blood pressure and flow during stressful situations."
Abstract One of the most valuable human qualities is the will to survive. Case histories of life-threatening situations have demonstrated that stubborn, strong will power is often the key to conquering dangerous conditions. The paper shows, however, that the will to survive also manifests in the human physiology. Hunger, sweating and panic are good examples of anatomical responses to danger. These actions are largely uncontrolled. The paper argues, therefore, that the will to survive is not simply a human trait, it is also an instinct.
From the Paper "However, by stopping the sweating mechanism, the body is making a drastic attempt to prevent further water loss by initiating absolute conservation of water. This physiologically-initiated method of survival actually prolongs the person's ability to survive in that it allows him extra time to replenish his fluids. If the body continued sweating, the fluid loss level would reach 15 percent, the blood volume would fall below sustainable levels and the organs would simply die."
Abstract This paper explains that, although the initial diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was related to war veterans, this diagnosis has been extended to the general population including sufferers of childhood sexual abuse. The author points out that the increased understanding of memory and the areas of the brain involved in long term and short term storage has enhanced the understanding of this disorder. The author hypothesizes that people who do not suffer from PTSD have attached some type of contextual meaning to what they witnessed or have modulated the memory to incorporate a meaning that is greater than simply "what happened". The paper discuses common methods of treatment such as exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and various drugs.
From the Paper "From this research, two important parts of the brain stand out; the hippocampus and the amygdala. First, it is necessary to discuss these organs and their importance to memory and brain functioning, then connections can be made to PTSD. The amygdalae are two almond shaped bundles of neurons that are located in an area of the brain known as the medial temporal lobe. Its primary function is in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Studies involving the functioning of the amygdala sometimes involve the fear response in rats."
Abstract This paper describes an experiment, which stimulates the hearts of Daphnia by using caffeine, nicotine, epinephrine, ethyl, a diluted salt solution and various pH 10 solutions. The author reports measuring the heart rates of the Daphnia and discusses the changes in heart rate for each of the stimuli.
Table of Contents:
Materials and Methods
Result Analysis
Discussion
Graphs
From the Paper "Giving Nicotine to the second Daphnia, caused a drop in its heart rate (graph 2). Since nicotine is a widely used drug which is a depressant, it lowers the beating of the Daphnia heart. The Daphnia that acquired epinephrine, experienced a jump in heart rate (graph 3). Epinephrine, otherwise know as adrenaline, is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. It stimulates autonomic nerve action, which is why a rise is heart rate was observed."
Tags: control adrenaline survival, acid polluted, microscope
Abstract This paper explains that, although the skin as an organ can experience a very wide range of disorders, it is not generally known that stress also affects the skin's ability to remain healthy. The author describes anatomy of the skin as a human organ. The paper relates that some of the ways in which stress affects the skin includes the redirection of blood by adrenaline, which causes the skin to become pale and lackluster, the prevention of blood flow, which cuts down on oxygen and vital skin nutrients and an increase in cortisone secretion, which suppresses the body's natural immunity. The paper relates that, although many dermatologists are still debating whether stress actually causes skin disorders, they do agree that stress definitely triggers or aggravates skin conditions like acne, hives, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea and herpes simplex.
From the Paper 'Somatic factors include the use of certain legal and illegal drugs, obesity, malnutrition, metabolic disturbances, circulatory disturbances, immunologic deficits or abrupt changes in the turgor (i.e., the resiliency) of the skin. Some of the defining characteristics of impaired skin integrity include "a disruption of the surface of the skin," such as with cuts and scrapes, "the destruction of cell layers and the invasion of structures of the body through the skin, such as with stabbing and cutting."
Tags: organ cutaneous, herpes simplex, temperatures resiliency
