Abstract
This paper relates that this literature review about adolescent smoking indicates the complex socio-cultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The author points out that, among the numerous variables affecting these conceptions are race, ethnicity, socio-cultural expectations, gender, peer group and nicotine. The paper summarizes that this literature review reveals that adolescents' conceptions both deter and encourage smoking. The author reports that all the researchers use quantitative methodologies and interpretive paradigms; however, a major limitation, which is common for all these studies, is that they are based on self-reports.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Studies
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez's (2006) purpose was to explore tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. The research question was: why do university health sciences students who are informed about tobacco risks consume tobacco? The design was a basic quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The method was an online survey of 282 students, aged 15 to 24. The authors used an interpretive paradigm. The results were that conceptions involved motives such as coping with emotional problems, reported by 76 percent."

Tags:longitudinal, socio-cultural, variables, self-reports, country-specific

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses whether adolescents' personal conceptions of smoking or addiction deter them or encourage them to smoke. The writer discusses that an overview of the literature indicates the complex sociocultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The writer looks at the different variables that impact conceptions such as race and ethnicity and also considers the effects of gender and per groups.

From the Paper
"The research question underling the literature review is: do adolescents' personal conceptions of smoking or addiction deter them or encourage them to smoke? An overview of the literature indicates the complex sociocultural context in which personal conceptions arise. Among the numerous variables affecting conceptions are race, ethnicity and sociocultural expectations; gender; peer group; and nicotine. Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez (2006), for example, maintain that adolescents' conceptions involve values, expectations, beliefs, and attitudes both toward themselves and society. Nicotine is absolutely essential in tobacco addiction and produces tolerance, physical dependence, and euphoria or elation."

Tags:smoking, factors, studies

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the developmental period for today's adolescents can often be characterized by risky behavior. Today, teenagers will participate in smoking cigarettes, drinking, doing drugs, or having unsafe sex, all of which can carry negative consequences. The writer points out that nearly 80% of today's smokers began smoking before they were 18 years old. Further, the writer notes that smoking is the single largest preventable cause of premature deaths in the United States. With close to 5 million children, out of 70 million living today that will have premature deaths due to smoking, it is of utmost importance to determine their motives. The writer discusses what motivates adolescents to smoke despite the obvious negative health effects. The writer maintains that understanding reasons for smoking can help researchers understand just how much cigarettes impact participants' lives. The writer concludes that research can possibly prove that smoking is indeed addictive, helping end any myths about smoking once and for all.


Outline:
Smoking Beliefs
Smoking Studies - High school
Results - High school
Smoking Studies - College
Results - College
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 2006, the University of Illinois at Chicago conducted an important study on the effects of nicotine, both positive and negative, in young smokers ranging in age from 15 to 18 years old. The legal age in the United States to purchase and use tobacco products is 18. Because of this, all participants were required to have parental consent as well as their own consent to participate in the study. As with any study, there was a control group that consisted of 27 nonsmokers. In order to qualify as one of the 45 smokers, the participants must have smoked at least 4 weeks and have smoked a minimum of 1 cigarette a week, but no more than 5 cigarettes a day. Nonsmokers must never have smoked in their lives.
"To accurately assess the impacts of nicotine and their respective effects on participants, the study used cigarettes of varying amounts of nicotine: a high-yield cigarette or a denicotinized cigarette."

Tags:addictive, cigarette, nicotine, cravings

Abstract
The paper discusses a research study that measures the effect of emotional intelligence on the success or failure of adolescents to control their addictive behavior of smoking. The paper provides a critical literature review on understanding emotional intelligence and addictive behavior. The paper explains the study results that support the hypothesis that students with high emotional intelligence are better equipped to deal with the stresses in life and therefore have a greater chance for success in smoking cessation programs. The paper discusses how the research shows the importance of developing better programs to help combat stress at school and on the job later in life.

Outline:
Methodology
Integrative Summary and Critique
Critical Literature Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of emotional intelligence on the success of various strategies to prevent smoking in adolescents. A number of methods have been attempted including in-school programs, clinical smoking interventions, increasing tobacco tax, and an anti-smoking media campaign. All of these programs have demonstrated some ability to reduce smoking in adolescents. However, none of them have proven to be 100% effective in stopping adolescent smoking. This study will examine the role of emotional intelligence in the decision to engage, or not engage in smoking behaviors."

Tags:addiction, stress, psychology

Abstract
Approaches the issue from two disciplines. Discusses the social sciences concept of motivations for high risk behaviors, gender differences regarding regular smoking, and the role of strong parental support.

From the Paper
"Smoking is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, and is common among adolescents. The Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls and Boys carried out in 1997 studied the ..."

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination on the problem of adolescent smoking on a global basis. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey that outlines the causes of youth smoking and discusses programs that are in place to prevent its occurrence. In addition the writer provides a discussion on the effectiveness of such programs.

From the Paper
"In the last several decades the world has discovered the truth about the perils of smoking tobacco. There is little doubt that the habit contributes to lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma and many other disorders. There have been numerous studies conducted on the perils of smoking and the reasons people continue to do it and the conclusion often points to the addiction being acquired in adolescents. Adults know on an intellectual level that they should not smoke, but often times by the time they reach adulthood they have already been smoking for several years. Adolescents know they should not smoke, but they have the disadvantage of believing they are invincible. Smoking in adolescents is not exclusive to America. It is a worldwide problem in which many nations are scrambling to find a solution."

Tags:smoke, health, teenagers, adolescent, cancer

Abstract
The paper identifies the adolescent "at risk", as well as the risks that include severe antisocial behavior, alcohol and/or drug misuse, tobacco smoking/use, and perilous sexual behavior. The paper examines the causes of the risks, and some specific actions that may be done to counter and/or reduce the risks. The paper also notes that despite contemporary concerns, threats that place adolescents at risk are not a new phenomenon.

Outline:
Contemporary Issues and Concerns
Adolescents at Risk
The Risk(s)
Causes of the Risk(s)
A Particularly, Serious Contemporary Concern
Theories Range
Actions to Counter/Reduce the Risk(s)
Conclusion

From the Paper
"During the time of changes that occur during adolenscense, some adolescents may experiement with alcohol, marijuana, meth and other substances, as they subsequently determine whether to use or misuse substances. Particular risk factors may influence the adolescent's decisions, research reveals. A risk factor, Burrow-Sanchez (2006) explains generally denotes a factor that increases the liklihood an individul will abuse drugs, while a protective factor consists of factors that protect and/or decrease the probability a person will abuse substances."

Tags:alcohol, drugs, smoking, sex, violence

Abstract
This paper provides a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, including a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved. A description of the statistics concerning adolescent substance abuse and its incidence among various groups is followed by a discussion of social identity theory, group affiliation and their respective influence on adolescent substance abuse patterns. An analysis of some of the more common types of substances typically abused by American adolescents today is also followed by a discussion of the various factors that have been shown to contribute to adolescent substance abuse behaviors and place these young people at higher risk of becoming substances abusers, as well as some behaviors that have been shown to mediate such risk.

Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Societal Implications
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Social Identity Theory, Group Affiliation and Their Influence on Adolescent Substance Abuse
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Factors Contributing to Adolescent Substance Abuse Behaviors
Summary

From the Paper
"Calculating the precise incidence of substance abuse among adolescence has been complicated by the fact that some minority groups appear to be specifically targeted for such testing when they present for emergency treatment at many American hospitals today. For example, the results of an analysis of data collected on adolescents (aged 12 through 17 years) from the National Trauma Data Bank to identify the incidence of alcohol and drug testing in adolescents admitted for traumatic injury by Marcin and his colleagues (2003) found significant differences in the likelihood of alcohol and drug testing being ordered by the treating clinicians for different racial, ethnic, and gender groups which demonstrated an increased likelihood of Hispanic males and African American females to receive alcohol testing, but did not identify any systematic attempt at racial bias; this study, though, did determine that females of all races were less likely than males to test positive for alcohol and drugs (Marcin et al., 2003). "

Tags:alcohol, drug, testing, race, smoking

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of adolescents to quit smoking from a nursing perspective. First, the paper describes the various reasons that adolescents should not smoke, noting the health risks involved and that smoking behaviors and other drug and alcohol use behaviors occur concurrently. Additionally,the paper includes a review of related literature that further cites health and other risks of smoking. Next, the paper details a smoking cessation program promoted by the American Lung Association known as the N-O-T" program. The remainder of the paper examines this program and quotes various experts on its effectiveness. Various charts and graphs are used to further explain the importance of teen cessation of smoking. The paper concludes by stating that smoking cessation in this age group could prove a substantial beginning in both the secondary prevention of long term adult smoking and for the overall goal of reducing concurrent risk taking behaviors among teens.

Outline:

Community Diagnosis
Review of Literature
Specific Measurable Goal
Community Philosophy

From the Paper
"In adolescents is long term cognitive/skills based intervention more effective for smoking cessation than brief intervention? Secondary prevention of disease via smoking cessation in adolescence is essential as the majority of people who become adult long term or lifetime smokers begin smoking behaviors while in their teens. While adolescents often show early signs of smoking health related behaviors, reduced physical activity, reduced lung capacity and reduced immune function they rarely show the signs of disease associated with long term smoking including but not limited to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, emphysema and cancer but are likely to if they become lifelong smokers. (Nabors, Iobst & Mcgrady, 2007, p. 331) Another issue that is often stressed with regard to smoking and adolescents is the fact that smoking behaviors and other drug and alcohol use behaviors occur concurrently and while smoking has a greater risk of long term health related issues and a lesser risk of alcohol and drug induced behavior..."

Tags:emphysema, drug use, American Lung Association, N-O-T Program

Abstract
This paper discusses the influences in the lives of adolescents that have a direct impact on how they behave, how they see the world and how they interact within their home, school and community environments. It goes on to discuss which influences have the most dramatic effect on adolescents and discusses possible reasons why this is so. The paper analyzes various articles that examine this subject.

Table of Contents:
Violent Video games
Peer Group Influences (Aggressive Behaviors)
Peer Group Influences (Gifted Students)
Peer Group Influences (Smoking)
The Timing Of Puberty (As An Influence)
Genetic & Environmental Influences
Parenting Influences (On Adolescent Alcohol Use And Impulsive Behaviors)
Family Influences On Detained Adolescents (With Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
Maternal Depression May Produce Adolescent Behavior Problems
Parent-Child Conflict Influences Adolescent Behavior (In Negative Ways)
Risky Parental Behavior (And Adolescent Sexual Activity)
Family Planning Clinics And Adolescents
Boys' Beliefs About Delinquent Behavior
Heterosexual Risk Behavior (Among Urban Adolescents)
Peer Pressure To Be Thin Leads To Suicide
The Influence Of The Internet On Adolescents

From the Paper
"The article continues, indicating that "high levels of conflict and low emotional attachment between parents and children have been associated" with an indifference on the part of adolescents for the "emotional well being of others." What is negative in the home is then transferred to others in school and the community, who often don't understand the origins of the bad behavior. During the developmental period, it is no secret that adolescents spend more time with their peers than their parents. Hence, the acceptability of delinquency becomes easy for adolescents because there is ample time for a process called "deviancy training," Pardini explains. Discussions about rule-breaking are held on a "regular basis," and the validity of these peer conversations is sealed through "shared laughter." The deviancy training is the same thing as what used to be called "bull sessions." Meantime, the beliefs that are learned during deviancy training become more and more at odds with family and parental values."

Tags:emotional, teenage, peer, delinquent