Abstract Discusses discrimination in college admissionspolicies. Purpose of affirmative action to level the playing fields for higher education for African Americans. Focuses on California as an example of continued discrimination against African Americans. University of California adoption of a policy that ignores ethnic & gender preferences. Admissions decisions. Issue of different standards.
From the Paper "Discrimination in College Admissions
The Thirteenth Amendment removed slavery, and in 1865,
Congress recognized this new responsibility by creating the Freedmen's Bureau. . .and founded the first schools that the Southern Negro ever had, besides helping to support four colleges for his higher education- Howard, Hampton, Atlanta, and Fisk (Morison, 1965, p. 711).
However, this was merely a drop in the bucket to provide higher education for African-Americans. And, the various Civil Rights acts (1964 and 1991) did not totally removed the prejudicial admissions policies that would permit eligible African-American students to attend the college of their choice. ?Nobody any longer believes in some golden age when the melting pot melted, or the tossed..."
Abstract This paper discusses affirmative action policy and its evolution from its beginnings in the 1960s to today. The paper discusses the implications of the Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964 and looks at how the original purpose of the CRA for African-Americans has expanded to include rights for women.
From the Paper "The Civil Rights Act (CRA) formally ended racial and gender discrimination by any entity doing business with or receiving money from the federal government. Nearly all institutions of higher education receive federal funding in some form so the Civil Rights act had an immediate effect on admissions policies and student recruitment as universities endeavored to comply with the law. Most universities had actually stopped practicing overt racial discrimination prior to passage of the CRA. The landmark Brown v Board of Education case outlawed racial discrimination in public..."
Abstract This paper constitutes an admission essay into a specialized program. The essay itself is an answer to an open-ended question. The question asks if one could travel abroad for education, where would the author choose to travel and what would the author hope to gain from the cultural experience. In this case, the author choses to hypothetically travel to China and answers the question accordingly.
From the Paper "If I had the opportunity to travel for my education or personal interest I would be most interested in visiting Eastern Asia, particularly China. I feel that I could learn a tremendous amount from the culture, people and historical sights in that area of the world. The Chinese have had an extremely rich and varied history, often struggling but maintaining a strong lineage of culture and pride. While they still sometimes struggle with politics and individual rights, they are currently emerging as an economic power in the world. The political balancing act that is constantly going on there is fascinating, and I would love to learn and see first hand what changes are taking place. Most of the information about China that most Americans see is from news sources taking a more global and Westernized view of things."
Abstract This paper explores how US domestic and foreign policies have had to change as the role of the country in international politics and the global community has changed. The paper also notes that current challenges in the international community by globalization and terrorism have affected the motivations of US policies and thus of all other nations. The paper then compares US domestic and foreign policy in 1945 to US domestic and foreign policy in 2006. The paper concludes that it is still essential for the US to be active in international issues not only to protect its concerns but to be able to sense the unfolding global trends.
From the Paper "The US took on the role of peacekeeper in the international arena, it figured prominently in the post-war restoration and developments such as the Nuremberg Trials, division of territories and the institution of the United Nations (452).
"The US also symbol of the struggle against the spread of communism. Its policies of containment and promotion of democracy was a statement in its desire to be seen as a defender of freedom and liberty (Leffler 87-89). This was the same identity that it espoused during its own struggle for independence (Ash 286). Another role that it was beginning to cultivate was its substitution of Britain and the rest of Europe as an economic force in the world."
Abstract This essay examines whether the US open door policy toward China was consistent and dependable in dealing with the factions during the Chinese civil war in China during 1940-49. The paper analyzes the background and origins of the "open door" policy which date back to the mid 19th century. The paper examines the "open door" policy in light of American isolationism and as the US became a world power following World War II. This policy of limited involvement with China directed US policy until the Chinese Civil War.
From the Paper " An important, though undeclared, corollary to the policy, however, was that the United States was not willing to risk war to enforce its open door policy and its main foreign policy interest lay in Europe rather than Asia. This resulted in a number of serious setbacks for the policy, particularly during the Sino-Japanese war as well as the Chinese Civil War in which the Nationalists and the Communists were engaged in a bitter civil war for power in the country. Since the US was unwilling to use force, the most it could do was to use diplomacy to enforce the "open door." Such a lukewarm approach in support of a policy could, at best, be only partially successful and when the 'open door' was pointedly ignored by the Japanese during its seizure of Manchuria in 1931 and the subsequent full-fledged Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the US could do little to prevent its violation."
Abstract The paper discusses how the sunshine policy which has dominated North and South Korean diplomatic policy for the last several years is a matter well-deserving of closer attention. The following paper explores what the policy is, why it came into being, how it is implemented, what its benefits and disadvantages are and how it works. The paper also explores its ramifications for the future. The paper explains that, as should become evident, the Korean sunshine policy is something which is really far more complicated than novice observers might believe at first glance. The sunshine policy is, broadly stated, a policy emphasizing the rapprochement of the two Koreas and its origins may be traced back to a 1972 Joint Communique between the two governments.
Abstract The sunshine policy is widely used to describe the entire unification policy that was designed to unify Korea and enable the country to play a stronger role in the global economy. While the actual policy had a much less interesting name, the sunshine policy covers the aspects of the cultural change that Korea went through in this policy's implementation. This essay provides an overview of the policy from the perspective of economic and political strategy as well as culture.
From the Paper "The term "sunshine policy" is often referred to the "symbolic and ideological underpinnings" of the "engagement policy"; a strategy announced in 1998 which attempted to implement actual economic and political policies designed to move the Korean peninsula to a unified nation state (President Kim Dae-Jung's Unification Policy 58). However, the sunshine policy is also widely used to describe the entire unification policy that was designed to unify Korea and enable the country to play a stronger role in the global economy (Marquand par. 10)."
Abstract This paper provides a thorough analysis of monetary policy while concentrating on the role of the Federal Reserve System. The paper looks at the instruments used by the Federal Reserve System, the performance metrics in relation to the business environment and the role of monetary policy within the macroeconomic framework. The paper also analyzes the role of money when achieving economic objectives such as economic growth, controllable inflation and low unemployment rates.
Outline:
Introduction
The Money Creation Process
A Description of Monetary Policy Federal Reserve System: 1970s and 1980s
Federal Reserve System: 1990s and Beyond
Monetary Policy Efficiency
Federal Reserve System Performance: Monetary Policy Vs. Fiscal Policy
From the Paper "After WWII, Milton Friedman wrote a seminal work on the Quantity Theory of Money that used past research to show the linkage between money and hyperinflation. Similarly, it became clear to many analysts and economists that the role of the Federal Reserve System was more expansive, as there were efforts to measure and analyzes the growth of money stocks. As the Federal Reserve Bank acts as the bankers' bank, and dictates monetary policy, measurement efforts that are linked to the two points listed above involved expansive money supply estimation to include and define narrow and board definitions of money (Federal Reserve Board para. 4)."
Abstract This is a research and critical review of China's one child population policy. It delves into the nature of the policy, the reasons for its implementation, the benefits and draw backs of the policy and whether it has been successful or not. The author looks at the problems with the policy with special reference to the way it effects society and proposes alternatives and solutions to the policy.
From the Paper "The Chinese population policy is approaching its silver anniversary and the contentious nature of the strategy remains. Without question the one child per family policy has changed China's demographic landscape, but many individuals still question the success and ethical nature of the implementation. These strategies have also caused new problems that the country must address. Numerous people wonder if the positive decline of population growth can offset the negative effects of the policy."
Abstract This essay discusses the U.S. foreign policy towards Middle Eastern and Latin American countries before 9/11 and post 9/11. The foreign policy is analyzed, its inherent problems are highlighted, and a comparison of U.S. foreign policy towards the Middle East with U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America is made.
From the Paper "With all eyes turned toward Iraq and the Middle East, South America rarely makes the headlines in the United States. Except for perhaps tighter controls and security on U.S. borders and waterways since September 11th , it seems Latin foreign policies are not top priorities for Washington. However, recent events in October in Bolivia led to "a massive mobilization of Indians and peasants"military crackdowns that left as many as 70 people dead"and led to the demise of the conservative Gonzalo S"nchez de Lozada government on Oct."
Tags: homeland, security, act, immigration, policies, state, department, interests, democracy, arab, world, anean, region
Abstract In this paper the author takes a critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991. He examines how prior to 1991, American policy was aimed primarily at using some countries led by Israel as a bulwark against communism in the Cold War years. He highlights that with the end of a bipolar world there was a radical shift in American policy towards the Middle East. The paper examines how this was brought about by the threat America saw to its most vital interest -oil in the region as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; at the same time, with the sudden demise of the hitherto counterbalancing factor, the Soviet Union, the stage was set for a decisive policy. In conclusion, the author argues that the American policy of planting democracy in societies that do not have the necessary preconditions and institutional frameworks of accepting and absorbing the system could mean risking backlashes and other actions.
From the Paper "In the absence of the Soviet factor, American policy in the Middle East has become more intrusive; American policy could have a positive impact if its moves towards establishing its policy are perceived as being salutary. A prime test case of this policy is the way its role is seen in the Israeli-Palestine issue. (Cantori, 1994, p. 452) The immediate years after the Gulf War led to a hyperactive engagement in the region under president Bill Clinton, for whom resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict was a principal goal. In his presidency, America assumed the role of an 'honest broker' in bringing about a peaceful settlement of issues bedevilling the region. However, before substantial headway was made, a new regime took guard under Bush Jr., under whom the same vigour was not enforced. American interventionism, which became low-key under the new dispensation, has led to suspicion in Arab quarters that America, with its uncompromising tilt towards Israel, has not been the 'honest broker' that it promised to be."
Tags:policy, arab, gulf, administration, political, foreign, affairs
A look at China's policy on population control and various other Chinese government policies that impinge on human rights and therefore impede greater economic ties between China and the West.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 4 sources, 2006, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper discusses population policy in China over the last fifty years with an emphasis on the one child policy instituted in the 1970s that has greatly reduced the growth rate in the population. As China seeks more and more economic ties to the West the policy of reduced family size and at times forced abortions is a public relations problem, much like child labor, prison labor and similar centrally controlled policies that run afoul of human rights.
From the Paper "Population policies in the People's Republic of China reflect a real concern about population growth and the huge size of the population but are, at the same time, bound with issues of ideology and social control. Certain highly restrictive policies began in the 1970s and were deemed successful at reducing the size of the population, and especially the rural population. As China seeks more and more economic ties to the West, the policy of reduced family size and at times forced abortions is a public relations problem, much like child labor, prison labor, and similar centrally-controlled policies that run afoul of human rights."
Abstract The paper relates the background to Fidel Castro's rise to power and describes the present situation with respect to government policy and the resultant stagnant relationship with the United States. The paper criticizes the United States with lack of leadership in not changing its policy towards Cuba and quotes various proposals that have been suggested. The paper concludes that the time for change is now, as the present leader is aging and we have no idea what will be the policy of his successor.
Outline:
Current status and historical context
Short term policy changes
Long term policy changes
Conclusion
From the Paper "Fidel Castro rose to power on the Island of Cuba in the early 1960's by means of a military coup, and following his trade agreements with the Soviet Union and nationalization of private industries he publicly embraced Marxist-Leninist affiliation in 1960, thrusting the island nation into the center of the Cold War . A forty year plus progression of increasing sanctions and restrictions via both Congressional and Executive actions ensued. In addition, Cuban expatriates have become a powerful voting block in the crucial Presidential state of Florida enticing additional hard-line policies towards the Cuban Communist regime. This complex commingling of foreign policy and domestic politics has created a muddled policy that is unique and inconsistent with United States policies concerning similar hostile governments."
Abstract This paper discusses the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) and describes how it is optimally transparent and clearly communicated to the public so as to avoid any misunderstandings and avoid any shock effect to the economy due to shifting changes in the interest rates. The paper goes on to explain the primary objective of the ECB monetary policy, its operation framework and its guiding principles. The author has also included several figures to illustrate the points.
Outline:
List of Figures
Abstract
Executive Summary
Introduction
Literature Review
Price Stability
Role of Monetary Policy ECB Basic Tasks
Current Best Practice: Predictability
Interest Rates
Optimal Monetary Policy Rule
ECB Credibility
Legislative Powers of the ECB
Interest Rate 'Smoothing' Practice of ECB
Communication of Monetary Policy Critically Important
OECD's Recommendations for the ECB (January, 2007)
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to the European Central Bank the objective of monetary policy is "to maintain price stability" which is set out in the Treaty establishing the European Community. Stated is: "Without prejudice to the objective of price stability" the Eurosystem will also "support the general economic policies in the Community with a view to contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Community." (ECB, 2007) This is to include a "high level of employment" as well as "sustainable and non-inflationary growth". (ECB, 2007) The provisions of the Treaty illustrate the consensus that: (1) the benefits of price stability are of a substantial nature; and (2) the natural role of the monetary policy in the economy is to maintain price stability. (ECB, 2007; paraphrased)"
Abstract The war in Iraq is one of the most debated subjects on the international scene. The author of the paper examines the policy of the main actor involved, the United States and its place inside the wider framework of the policy towards the Middle East. The writer specifically looks at the reasons for the US presence in Iraq, both stated and unstated, the status today of objectives at the onset of US involvement, a discussion as to the relevance of US policy towards achieving its stated goals and finally, an examination of the costs and benefits involved in the intervention.
Outline:
Introduction
Stated Policy of the US in Iraq
Objectives in Iraq and the Middle East
The United States and its Stated Objectives
Assessment of the Policy Towards Iraq
Costs and Benefits
From the Paper "There are several aspects that must be taken into account in order to have a better image of the war in Iraq and the current situation on the ground. In this sense, it is important to consider the policy of the main actor involved, the United States; also, its place insider the wider framework of the policy towards the Middle East; in addition to these general aspects, an important issue is the precise reasons for the American presence on the ground, to the extent in which these reasons are made available to the public; the status of the objectives stated in the beginning of the operations must also be assessed, as well as the degree in which the direction of the policies is adequate for achieving these goals. Finally, an important segment for describing the wider situation of the war in Iraq and the US's attitude towards it is the assessment of the costs and benefits of the operations."
Tags: Iraq policy, middle east, strategic vietnam congress deaths government bagdad security economy budget military force
