Abstract
This paper reviews the case of "Grutter versus Bollinger" that tested the subject of race conscious admission policies for public universities. The paper places the presentation of majority and minority opinions of the court in the historical context of the Fourteenth Amendment and previous Supreme Court rulings. The majority opinion is presented as well as the contrasting minority disagreement. The paper shows how the court did find that race conscious admission polices were of a compelling governmental interest and the policies of the University of Michigan Law School did not violate the constitution.

Tags:admission policies, race, 14th amendment

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of affirmative action policies used today at several universities. The paper also examines several solutions to the issue of affirmative action in university admissions procedures. The paper debates the benefits of giving preference to minority groups as opposed to providing these groups with the education that will enable them to be admitted to university on the basis of their knowledge.

From the Paper
"How many times in the last six months have you heard about affirmative action in the news? Probably many times due to the recent Supreme Court case involving the University of Michigan. But what is affirmative action? Affirmative action is giving preference to minorities in the college admissions process. Some schools must meet a set quota. Others create a point system where students get extra points because of their race. The objective is to create a diversified student body. But this method is not fair. Everyone should be given the same chance no matter their race. Setting quotas to admit a certain percentage of minority students is not the most effective way to create a diverse student population. There are other methods that put everyone on a more level playing field instead of forcing colleges to lower their standards."

Tags:college, michigan, quota, race

Abstract
An examination of affirmative action policies in colleges with focus on the treatment of African and Hispanic applications to colleges. The author argues that African and Hispanic admissions are more favorite as well as their admission into the world of work. A discussion of the shortfalls of affirmative action with focus on the system's tendencies to predispose separation.

From the Paper
"Webster's New World Dictionary defines affirmative action as "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups, as women, blacks, etc. (Lowery, 1995)" Affirmative Action grants preferential treatment to racial minorities. Affirmative Action is also race specific (Williams, 1995). Many people are dedicated to the policy's destruction. Much progress was made in this regard during the "Reagan revolution" (Lowery, 1995). With the GOP in firm control of Congress in 1995 and most of the 50 states, and civil rights groups such as the NAACP weakened, if not under siege, attacks on affirmative action intensified."

Tags:law, education, work, society, privilege, reversal

From the Paper
" UNITED STATES v. VIRGINIA
This research paper discusses the decision by the Supreme Court in United States v. Virginia et al. 518 U.S. 515 of June 26, 1996 which effectively ended the single-sex admissions policy of Virginia Military Institute (VMI) and explores the legal analysis underpinning the Court's holding and its impact and implications for the future.

Summary
After a protracted battle in federal courts, the Supreme Court decided by a seven-to-one majority that VMI's all-male admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The majority acknowledged that VMI's adversative method of instruction for training citizen-soldiers was unique and had substantial value. However.."

Abstract
Discusses discrimination in college admissions policies. Purpose of affirmative action to level the playing fields for higher education for African Americans. Focuses on California as an example of continued discrimination against African Americans. University of California adoption of a policy that ignores ethnic & gender preferences. Admissions decisions. Issue of different standards.

From the Paper
"Discrimination in College Admissions
The Thirteenth Amendment removed slavery, and in 1865,
Congress recognized this new responsibility by creating the Freedmen's Bureau. . .and founded the first schools that the Southern Negro ever had, besides helping to support four colleges for his higher education- Howard, Hampton, Atlanta, and Fisk (Morison, 1965, p. 711).
However, this was merely a drop in the bucket to provide higher education for African-Americans. And, the various Civil Rights acts (1964 and 1991) did not totally removed the prejudicial admissions policies that would permit eligible African-American students to attend the college of their choice. "Nobody any longer believes in some golden age when the melting pot melted, or the tossed...""

Abstract
A look at how affirmative action is a necessary policy in college admissions because it promotes diversity on campus. This paper discusses how a diverse learning community is essential in order to create a well-rounded student. The University of Michigan Supreme Court lawsuits are used to emphasize the main points of this argument.

From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a policy introduced in 1965 by President Johnson, has always been a topic of heated debate. Initially created as a program to give reparations to minorities, especially blacks, for past discrimination, affirmative action is now seen in a slightly different light. These days, the goal of affirmative action is not so much about paying reparations as it is about promoting diversity. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic diversity are the basis in the argument for affirmative action, as they provide a richer, more varied, and real-world learning environment for students. Affirmative action, although controversial, is a necessary evil in our society as it is required in order to promote the integration of various ethnicities and races into the melting pot of American society. As the University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman stated, ?Our diversity is our strength." "

Tags:diversity, racism, court

Abstract
The student relates that this graduate program in labor and policy studies will assist him in obtaining his goals in relation to education. The student further relates that in the future, he aspires to become an administrator in the educational system, and he believes that a strong emphasis on labor and policy studies will assist his work in several ways. The student explains that he believes that in the current educational system there are few administrators who actually understand the intricacies of labor and policy, which leaves a significant gap in the team effort that is supposed to exist among all members of the educational system.

From the Paper
"The graduate program in Labor and Policy Studies will assist me in obtaining my goals in relation to education. In the future I aspire to become an administrator in the educational system and believe that a strong emphasis on labor and policy studies will assist my work in several ways. I further believe that in the current educational system there are few administrators that actually understand the intricacies of labor and policy, which leaves a significant gap in the team effort that is supposed to exist among all members of the educational system. Additionally, I want to be capable of providing clear advanced knowledge about labor and..."

Tags:labor, policy, education

Abstract
The paper presents a proposal on a dissertation which is focused on developing an effective policy to assess admission candidates. It also focuses on developing a plan that may help the researcher in assessing the applications of the international students in an error free and most effective manner. The paper pinpoints areas which the research might cover such as developing a policy according to different regions and countries, the identification of curriculum of study and knowledge of graduation requirements in different countries.

From the Paper
"Another method can be to contact different accreditation agencies in different agencies and ask them for information about the graduation requirements of their respective region. These agencies can also provide useful information about the courses being offered in the institutions of their respective regions and can provide the course descriptions in detail. Some government agencies of different countries can also provide useful information required by the researcher. They can also provide detailed analysis of the courses being offered in the institutions of their region."

Tags:course, educational, institutes, diploma, questionnaires

Abstract
The paper argues that affirmative action is more necessary at schools that practice legacy admissions to ensure a diverse student body and to help create a more egalitarian society. The paper contends that legacy admissions further entrench the financially and culturally elite in positions of power. The paper suggests possible ways of mediating the needs of Ivy League universities with the needs of disenfranchised students. The paper concludes with the strong belief that affirmative action remains necessary in a nation that still suffers from one of the largest income disparities of any developed country.

From the Paper
"Oxford and Cambridge Universities, inarguably among the most prestigious universities in the world, outmoded legacy admissions even though doing so meant accepting revenue losses. Legacy admissions remain a cherished part of the Ivy League university system in America, though, revealing an ironic scenario. Suddenly the United States appears the more class-oriented, elitist society versus Great Britain. American independence was fought partially over the pull toward increased egalitarianism in society. In spite of the ideals that still characterize American culture: individual opportunity and the American Dream, our culture clings to outmoded practices that perpetuate income disparity and class conflict."

Tags:legacy, alumni, race, minorities, discrimination

From the Paper
"This legal memorandum discusses and analyzes the constitutional law applicable to gender specific institutions of higher learning, as established by the Supreme Court in its seven to one decision in United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996). Its overall conclusion is that after this case it is for all practical purposes constitutionally impermissible for institutions of higher learning to maintain single-sex admissions policies or to prevent either gender from being eligible to participate in undergraduate activities. Some nuances and ambiguities of meaning and interpretation were left open by the Court's ruling, most of which had more to do with the attempt by Justice Ruth Ginsburg in the majority opinion to reconcile the majority opinion with prior Supreme Court..."

Tags:supreme, court, gender