Abstract
The paper first discusses school superintendents' communication with board members and the need to treat the board members as if they are important team members. The paper then considers the school superintendent's relationship with the community and the need to communicate everyday issues, problems, and emergency situations. The paper discusses the value of the superintendent not only participating but playing a role in the economic plans for the local area so that his educational issues and institutions are an integral part of the planning. Finally, the paper addresses school superintendents' dealings with adminstrators, staff and teachers.

Outline:
With the School Board Members
With the Community
With Administrators, Staff and Teachers

From the Paper
"According to studies done over the past two decades, over 60% of school superintendents spend about three to four hours a week, total, communicating with board members. And most of that is with the chairman which leaves very little time with other members of the board. The studies have also shown that those superintendents who are successful communicate at least twice that much (Glass, Bjork, & Brunner, 2000, p. 81).
"Every study produced emphasizes communication as the critical component in a good relationship with the school board. It's always the board member's top level complaint about the superintendent. Either they feel that they don't know what's going on or they are informed too late on some issues to really study them because the superintendent didn't provide documents or verbal briefings soon enough.
"The cure is to treat the board members as if they are important team members of your own staff. Share with them your thoughts about the future; let them know how you think about issues; request their thoughts on any major problems or issues. And make certain they get no surprises by seeing something on television that you should have told them about. Surprises, as all the literature will tell you, is a no-no (McAdams, 2009)."

Tags:board, members, staff, teachers, communication

Abstract
This paper explains that, with managed care systems, hospitals needed to compete for managed care contracts and gain clout with insurers for better reimbursement rates; therefore, administrators, who are usually not medically trained, save costs by downsizing the R.N. staff, resulting in less favorable patient outcomes. The author suggests that the simplest solution would be to abolish for-profit medical facilities and replace them with facilities judged on how well they spend all their income on patient care by providing the best possible medical care by doctors, nurses and nursing assistants. The paper concludes that, as long as the United States considers the right to make a handsome profit more important than the mandate to provide care for the sick, nothing will change.

Table of Contents
History of Nursing-Staff Erosion
Legal Ramifications
Possible Solutions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Hospitals may cross-train janitors and security guards to do nursing work. "Studies report that hospital nursing staffs, which once consisted of 85-95 percent registered nurses and only 5-15 percent aides, are now only 80, 70 sometimes 50 percent registered nurses and up to 50 percent aides." This sort of understaffing leads to errors. Sometimes those errors are R.N. errors, due to lack of time to consider all the ramifications of their own and their assistants' actions. For example, in one nursing care facility, an elderly man, called Mr. D by authors Baker and Cooper, was restrained, partially because of his behavior. However, he became agitated during a time when he was not under observation because, with too few assistants, an R.N. had to reassign some staff."

Tags:managed-care, downsizing, mba, for-profit, adminstrators

Abstract
This paper proposes a research project that would examine the effectiveness of English instruction of mathematics on Second Grade ELL (English language learners) students as compared to the effectiveness of instruction in their native language. The proposal is in response to the controversy surrounding the issue of how best to teach mathematics to children from non-English-speaking backgrounds, since it has been found that the best way for children to learn to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences is by making a connection between mathematics and their everyday lives. The paper examines whether ELL students should be taught how to make this connection in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or whether they should be immersed in English as early as possible. The paper includes an annotated bibliography and an observation checklist of lessons taught in class.

Introduction
Setting
Problem/Issue
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Subjects
Instrumentation
Significance of the Study

From the Paper
"Mathematics is a powerful tool for interpreting the world. Research has shown that for children to learn how to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences, mathematics must be connected to their lives. Such connections help students to make sense of mathematics and view it as relevant. There has, however, been controversy with regard to children from non-English backgrounds and the best ways to get them to make those connections. Questions are raised regarding how to instruct these children who are referred to as English language learners (ELL's). Should they initially be taught in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or should they be immersed in English as early as possible."

Tags:early, stages, development, educators, adminstrators, appropriate, pre-k, hispanic

Abstract
This paper explains that, originating in Scandinavia, the Vikings were water-born warriors of Denmark, Norway and Sweden who conquered much of the British Isles, pillaged the coast of France, sacked Paris, drove the Frankish overlords from Normandy, traveled the great rivers of Europe, overwhelmed the Slavs in Russia, took command of Kiev and even battled with the Greeks at the doorstep of Constantinople. The author points out that many scholars believe that the Vikings were far more than barbarians whose only aim was to plunder and burn their way through Europe. The Vikings greatly influenced many cultures and countries, much like the ancient Romans during their days of glory and power almost one thousand years earlier. The paper concludes that, when the Vikings power came to the end, conquered through much violence and bloodshed, their property was broken up into contesting kingdoms, such as the Franks, the Burgundians, the Visigoths, the Anglo-Saxons and the Lombards.

From the Paper
"In 885 A.D., a huge naval fleet of Viking ships sailed up the River Seine and thus penetrated the very essence of France. In command of this vast naval raid was Sigfred and Orm, two Viking chieftains who had been instrumental in the earlier raids in the Frankish kingdoms. Before long, the Viking fleet, raiding and pillaging as they proceeded, were within eyesight of the walls of Paris, but in order to sake this great city, they Vikings had to first take two fortified bridges that spanned the River Seine. Charles the Fat, the dominant ruler of Paris and the great-grandson of Charlemagne, appears to have ignored this Viking threat, due to being concerned with other more local skirmishes which in effect left the city of Paris without any substantial defense."

Tags:varangians, naval, feudalism, christianity, adminstrators