Abstract
This paper discusses how adjectives and adverbs are used to enhance the English language. There is a focus on narrative writing and how modifying clauses are used (and misused) in prose. It provides concise examples of each issue discussed and explores the implications put forth by each.

From the Paper
"One of the most interesting (and misused) areas in English grammar is that of modifying clauses. These groups of words create subtle changes in a piece of writing and lend a richness and depth that otherwise would not be apparent. There are two types of modifiers: adjectives and adverbs. These two areas create a myriad of opportunities for the alteration and enrichment of a piece of narration. Modifying phrases, unfortunately, lend themselves to misuse in many instances. The results of this misuse, often labeled "misplaced modifiers" can often be quite humorous when read in context."

Tags:grammar, language, semantics

Abstract
The paper shows that while most people are familiar with the adjective "machiavellian", very few are actually knowledgeable about the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli. It discusses how, in fact, Machiavelli has a great deal to teach us and we should be careful not to dismiss Machiavelli's thoughtfulness and acuity as an observer of human society by relegating his contributions to a single, uncomplimentary adjective. The paper shows that especially in his "Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius" , we see in this writer of the Italian Renaissance a man who was truly engaged in the intellectual work required to create a system of government that was based on ideals and yet that also acknowledged the realities of human society as he understood them from his particular historical perspective. This paper examines the particular suggestions that Machiavelli outlined in "Discourses" for a well governed republic.

From the Paper
"Among Machiavelli's pieces of advice to royal rulers was a judicious use of force (while this may sound barbaric to us, in fact many royal rulers of Machiavelli's time used force unrestrained by any sense of mercy) along with a respect for the private property of individuals and local traditions and customs. Machiavelli did also argue that the same standards of morality cannot be applied to rulers as to those that are ruled because the conditions of their lives and the extent of their responsibilities are so different from each other that a single set of standards for behavior cannot obtain."

Tags:Prince, institutional, republican, Livy, Pistoia

Abstract
This paper focuses on the term "female," explaining that the word is used in various ways, with the most basic use of the term being as the identifier of slightly more than half the population. The paper explains that female is first a biological distinction in opposition to male, but the way the word is used has a gender as much as a sexual distinction, with gender being cultural rather than biological. The term is also used as an adjective to identify either biological differences or gender differences, with certain attitudes, states, or things characterized as "female" rather than "male."

From the Paper
"The term "female" is used in various ways, with the most basic use of the term being as the identifier of slightly more than half the population. Female is first a biological distinction in opposition to male, but the way the word is used has a gender as much as a sexual distinction, with gender being cultural rather than biological. The term is also used as an adjective to identify either biological differences or gender differences, with certain attitudes, states, or things characterized as "female" rather than "male." The dictionary definition of female follows the biological and states that a female is "a person bearing two X chromosomes in the cell nuclei and ..."

Tags:etymology, women, man, human, gender

Abstract
The writer relates how he found out that he had Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy (MMD). The writer then explains that; "The word myontonic is the adjective for the word myotonia, an inability to relax muscles at will" (Balon 4), and discusses how it is an inherited genetic condition of progressive degeneration with increasing weakness and wasting of muscle tone and bulk for which there is no known cure, and the rate of degeneration varies between individuals. The paper describes symptoms of the disease, which usually occur in middle age.

From the Paper
"The Disability: I found out that I had Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy (MMD) from my doctor after a routine blood test. At my annual checkup, I remarked that upon grasping an object my fingers would tighten, seize up in position; I could only release them from that momentary paralysis after a few moments. I also mentioned my brother's similar difficulties. "The word myontonic is the adjective for the word myotonia, an inability to relax muscles at will" (Balon 4). It is an inherited genetic condition of progressive degeneration with increasing weakness and wasting of muscle tone and bulk for which there is no known cure; the rate of degeneration..."

Tags:disability, personal, experience

Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses Niccolo Machiavelli's most famous work, "The Prince." The paper specifically focuses on how the work spawned the adjective, 'Machiavellian' and discusses the meaning of the term. The paper concludes that Machiavelli's work can prove useful during times of war and peace, as well as for a citizen trying to interpret the calculated positioning of one of his or her leaders.

Tableof Contents:
Introduction to The Prince
Summary
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Machiavelli's own work is inevitably affected by when he wrote, during an age characterized small, divided leadership centers, in one of the most fractious and back-biting of all of the Italian cities. However, although being ruled by his ideal prince may hardly be attractive to a resident of a modern democracy, many of his observations of people during times of war and peace are still useful. His guide can prove helpful as well to a citizen trying to interpret the calculated positioning of one of his or her leaders, should he or she wish to turn the tables on such a self-serving prince."

Tags:democracy, leaders, citizen

Abstract
This analysis discusses how the meanings of words change due to cultural and historical beliefs. It also addresses the way words like "nigger," "fag? and "dyke" have the power to oppress when used by dominant cultures against subcultures but they can also be empowering when appropriated by the subcultures they are used against. It also includes five noun phrase appositives and four adjective clauses.

From the Paper
"Changes in the meaning of words often empower or oppress others. We might look to Naylor's depiction of the word nigger to see how words can serve to empower or impress. Racial slurs are often used to wound or shame ..."

Tags:homosexuals, gays, meaning, Naylor, dykes, lesbians, virgins, pregnancy, Cisneros

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the word, 'scum'. According to the paper, the word 'scum' has various applications and definitions. The paper reviews the history of the word and discusses how 'scum' can be used as a noun, a verb or an adjective.

From the Paper
"The zero-grade form sk - was suffixed to form sk -mo-. Its derivatives are skim, from the Old French excume or scum, meerschaum, from the Old High German sc m, also implying scum, and scum, from Middle Dutch sch m. All of the three mentioned derivatives come from Germanic sk maz meaning foam or scum, implied in "that which covers the water". The form sk - was also suffixed to sk -ro-. Its derivatives are obscure and chiaroscuro from the Latin obsc rus meaning "covered or dark". The prefix ob- in Latin means "away from". "

Tags:quote, definition, dirt, english, french, impurities, Scandinavian, german, latin

Abstract
This essay evaluates the definitions and problems of the major word classes; nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs and also touches on the minor classes; pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions. It discusses the reasonings and logic behind these parts of speech.

From the Paper
"English does have parts of speech for a start. The need for differentiating a similar word in different context for a clearer understanding led to classifying words into word classes, otherwise known as parts of speech. Crystal (1999) defines word class as groups of words that behave in a similar manner syntactically and morphologically. The word order of a sentence in modern English is quite fixed and therefore it is important to know the classification of words before they can be arranged in a sentence. For example, I girl am a would be grammatically anomalous. Changes in the word tenses or aspect can be predicted morphologically if word classification were to be done. In order to be grammatical, he was ill is definitely preferred over he illed or any other variations. In addition, the presence of word class tells us that in a context like he made a killing from killing birds, where killing is used in two different ways differentiated by categorizing the first killing as a noun and the second one as a verb. Clearly, there are more word classes than the two mentioned above in order to facilitate the differentiating words in a sentence. Traditionally, there are eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections (Burridge & Mulder, 1998:148) although the list gets longer periodically. This essay would discuss some problems in defining major word classes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which are of an open class where new lexemes are constantly added, and the minor classes such as pronouns, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions that are known to be closed classes; new lexemes are rare. However, concepts that are discussed are by no means exhaustive."

Tags:classes, grammar, linguistics, main, stream, word, noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb

Abstract
The paper explains why Greek is considered to be such an effective communication system and examines the impact of Greek on modern English. The paper includes a list of Greek prefixes and suffixes that are used in everyday English speech. The paper then examines modern Greek and its dialects, its use of the masculine and feminine, its syllabic position of word stress, its use of pronouns, adjectives, nouns, numbers and verbs, its level of inflection and its basic word order. The paper highlights the flexibility of the language, its ability to be used in all ancient and modern fields of study and it's effective and enormous lexicon.

From the Paper
"Considered by many to be the most effective means of communication ever devised, the Greek language is also known as the Indo-European language of antiquity. Greek belongs to the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, which also includes languages such as Italian, German, Russian, Lithuanian, and our very own English. Actually, Greek is the only language in the Hellenic branch. Greek is the oldest source of example of all the Indo-European languages and it is known that it has been used in the Mediterranean region since at least the 14th century BC. Due to its effectiveness and long history, it is regarded as the first great language of Western Civilization."

Tags:prefixes, suffixes, inflection, word, order, lexicon, dialects, pronouns, adjectives, nouns, verbs

Abstract
This paper discusses the magnitude of importance football has in the American South. The paper uses many adjectives pertaining toward the subject.

From the Paper
"It is third down and long. The quarterback is under center, and his receivers are split out wide. He takes the snap, fakes the hand-off, and drops back into the pocket. He surveys the defense, and fires a perfect strike into the back of the end zone for the game -winning touchdown. Victory! Daleville High School defeats Enterprise High School for the first time ever. His teammates hoist the quarterback onto their shoulders, and jubilantly carry him off the field. Abruptly, the dream changes. He drops back in the pocket, releases the ball, and it is intercepted. Suddenly, the young man awakens and gratefully realizes he is only dreaming. With sweat beading on his forehead, he props back on his pillows and contemplates the next night's big game. (Deep in Southeast Alabama the magnitude of the football rivalry between the Daleville Warhawks and the Enterprise Wildcats can be understood through the sights, sounds, and smells.)"

Tags:athlete, leisure, life, narrative, power, sports