Abstract
This paper explains that ultrasonic assisted liposuction (UAL) can be applied in all areas where traditional liposuction is used, especially areas that require increased precision. Next, the author describes how the procedure is performed, the instrumentation and the importance of the sonagrapher. The paper underscores that UAL should be performed only by a surgeon who has been trained in this specific technique including knowledge of tumescent liposuction, forms of anesthesia and fluid and electrolyte balance.

Table of Contents:
Where is Ultrasonic Liposuction Performed
Risk Factors Associated with Ultrasonic Liposuction
Instrumentations Used in the Procedure and How the Procedure Performed
Indications and Clinical Application for UAL
Qualified Medical Professionals that Perform Ultrasonic Liposuction

From the Paper
"Generalized obesity is not an indication for liposuction. Candidates should be in good health, have realistic expectations and not be obese. UAL is specifically indicated in areas where enhanced contouring is needed, very large areas, or very fibrous areas. Other indications for UAL, and liposuction in general, include treatment of: solitary and multiple lipomas, lipodystrophy, gynecomastia or psydogynecomastia, axillary hyperhidrosis, and axillary bromidrosis. UAL may also be used in reconstructive procedures, including fat debulking during scar revision."

Tags:contouring cannulas, wet environment, sonographer burns

Abstract
The paper states that patients with metabolic syndrome have a constellation of conditions that include obesity and disorders of adipose deposition, insulin resistance and independent factors of hepatic, vascular and immunologic origin as well as the influence of aging and hormones. The paper discusses a case study of a woman with metabolic syndrome who wishes to become pregnant. The paper explains the suitability of the drug metformin and her need for weight loss.

From the Paper
"In the United States, metabolic syndrome will soon become a more significant risk factor for heart disease than cigarette smoking. Elements of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are associated with glucose intolerance and eventual progression to Type 2 diabetes. Associated elements include hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypercoagulability states and vascular inflammation. The cardiovascular system is the primary body system involved in metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome have a constellation of conditions which are defined below."

Tags:insulin, resistance, metformin, adipose, deposition, heart, disease

Abstract
This paper examines how obesity is a very common condition characterized by excessive deposition of fat in the adipose tissues. It looks at how there are many approaches to dieting and many claims about great success with various fad diets which include calorie restriction, low-fat/high-fiber, or high protein and fat/low carbohydrates. It also discusses the importance of exercise.

Outline:
Measurement of Obesity
How to Lose Weight?
Calorie Restriction
Low-Fat and High-Fiber Diets
High-Protein Diets
Exercise
Changing Sedentary Habits

From the Paper
"Calorie restriction has been the cornerstone of obesity treatment. One pound of fat equals about 3500 calories. Very-low calorie diets have also been associated with better success, but extreme diets can have some serious health consequences. Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Saturated fats (found in animal products) should be avoided. Severe dieting has unpleasant side effects, including fatigue, intolerance to cold, hair loss, gallstone formation and menstrual irregularities. Those whose diet includes high intake of fluids and much reduced protein and sodium are at risk for hyponatremia, causing fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and in extreme cases, coma. "

Tags:obesity, fat, WHO, overweight, weight, lose, diet

Abstract
This paper states that the problem of obesity in the African-American population has been a topic of some analytical import in extant research and literature, but there is little agreement about the actual causes of this problem and the proper ways in which to approach it. The author points out that one objective is to explore the link between high rates of obesity and high rates of Type 2 diabetes in the African-American population generally, seeking to explore this link in detail and assay solutions that deal with an individual's insulin levels and levels of insulin resistance by population. The paper relates that the selected hypothesis is that a useful way of targeting and reducing the prevalence of obesity in African-Americans is to look at the problem from a perspective of community-based solutions, which can be applied in terms of empowering change at the sociocultural level.

Table of Contents
Definition of Problem and Clarification of Objectives Definition of Nature, Extent, Significance
Framing of Questions
Statement and Clarification of Objectives Explanation of Terms
BMI
Type 2 Diabetes
VAT- Visceral Adipose Tissue
Super Obese
Insulin Resistance
Metabolic Rate
Statistical Collaboration
Appraisal of Existing Information on the Subject Search of Literature
Classification and Organization of Information Critical Appraisal of Information
Disclosure of Gaps in Knowledge
Formulation of Hypothesis
Important Questions Needing Study and Formulation of Hypothesis
Consideration of Needs, Interests, Resources Selection of Hypothesis

From the Paper
"In terms of gender-related statistics, obesity is a problem that seems to affect African-American women more than African-American men, based on extant statistics on the problem and the prevalence of this statement within literature ranging from socio-cultural analysis to controlled experimental designs. Although African-American males also have comparatively high rates of obesity when compared to other demographic groups, it is African-American women who have a higher rate of obesity than men. As one article stressing the report of the U.S. Surgeon General states, "Among Blacks, nearly 70 percent of Black women are overweight or obese, compared to 58 percent of Black men. Lower-income families also tend to be heavier than more affluent ones, since sometimes the most fattening foods are the cheapest," Satcher revealed."

Tags:framing, statistics, appraisal, gaps, questions

Abstract
This paper explains that, in addition to being expressed in other tissues, leptin is involved in fat metabolism, which means that it is part of the regulation of the expenditure of energy. Next, the author highlights the leptin diet and the importance of fat regulation. The paper reviews the results of several clinical trials investigating the relationship of leptin regulation and obesity and the effects of leptin on several diseases; however, more research is needed.

From the Paper
"Because of the expression of leptin in different parts of the body, the mechanism of leptin action is different. Leptin has a lot to do with the notion of hedonism. Therefore, this has a lot to do with the mechanism of leptin action in the brain, which has been well studied. The center associated with appetite suppression or appetite is in the hypothalamus. The leptin that flows in the blood crosses the blood-brain barrier and interacts with the region of the hypothalamus. The normal amounts of leptin binding with the hypothalamus results in proper appetite regulation."

Tags:ob-lep hedonism, adipose tissue, hypothalamus genetics

Abstract
This paper examines how trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are lipids that have been chemically manipulated to become more solid at room temperature. In particular, it looks at how they are broken down by the body and how they can be a cause of heart disease.

From the Paper
"Dietary fatty acids are emulsified by bile acids in the small intestine and transformed into chylomicrons which enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Fatty acids are also taken up by cells, where they may serve as fuels for energy production. Chylomicrons can have two outcomes depending upon the body's need for energy, either being stored or oxidized. The oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-ScoA, which is the platform for cholesterol synthesis. Excess cholesterol can be stored or deposited on the walls of arteries, narrowing them. The stored fatty acids, as triacylglycerol (triglyceride) in white adipose tissue, also results in the formation of acetyl-ScoA, but through a different pathway."

Tags:acids, adipose, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides, heart, disease

Abstract
This paper looks at the issue of liposuction - the process by which fatty cells are removed from the body under the skin through suction and surgery. It first looks at the pressure is society for people to look good all the time which has lead to this trend. It further examines the downside of liposuction including medical proof of infections and internal bleeding. It also discusses cosmetic reasons for its failure noting that many women are not satisfied with the end result and correcting mistakes are often impossible.

From the Paper
"Every day, a majority of the population in America is bombarded with media. This media (magazines, newspapers, television, Internet, etc.) contains ideals of beauty that are practically unattainable by the majority of people. These include the typical super model look, which is tall, skinny, and scantily clad. According to Macionis, these images are created by males and directed towards females because they are seen as less powerful and more as sexual objects. Based on this, women should look more like models for a man s pleasure (Macionis 329). Thanks to the innovations of modern medicine, women (and in some cases, men) can attain their ideal body shape through cosmetic surgery. The most performed procedure is liposuction. Unfortunately, people will rush in to a surgeon s office without any research or consideration of consequences of a liposuction procedure. Because of these consequences, it would be best that a person learns to love their body for what it is."

Tags:adipose, cosmetic, fat, lipectomy, liposuction, plastic, surgery, tissue

Abstract
This paper looks at six peer-reviewed and well-researched articles on the topic of obesity and cancer in order to find out whether obesity is a trigger for cancer. Beginning with two articles with studies on the link between obesity and breast cancer, the writer then looks at three articles relating obesity to several types of cancer in both men and women. The last article reviewed, from the Journal of Nutrition, looks at obesity simply and honestly as a major cause of cancer. The conclusion drawn by the author of this last article, and also by the writer of this paper, is a succinct yes to the question posed in the beginning.

From the Paper
"In the Journal of Epidemiology, the Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group published their findings on obesity and cancer risk. They conducted a study of 21,022 people and 19 types of cancer. They found that obese people, when compared to those with a healthy body mass index, those adults that were labeled obese had an increased overall risk of cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and cancers of the kidney, pancreas, colon, rectum, breast, ovary and prostate. Overall, excess body mass accounted for 7.7% of all cancers in Canada--9.7% in men and 5.9% in women. This study is again further proof of the hypothesis obesity and cancer development is directly linked."

Tags:anthropometric adiposity, body mass index, postmenopausal