Abstract
This paper examined and discussed three theories of exercise adherence where adherence was defined as an individual's degree to commitment to participating in a regular and ongoing program of exercise without dropping out. These theories were: (1) The psychobiologic screening model; (2) the locus of control model; and (3) the adherence as a process model.

From the Paper
"Noting that at least a percent of all individuals in a self-monitored exercise program will drop out of the program within six months, Sullivan stated that it was important to gain a fuller understanding of the variables influencing exercise adherence where adherence can be defined as an individual's degree to commitment to participating in a regular and ongoing program of exercise without dropping out. Sullivan postulated three theoretical frameworks of exercise adherence. The purpose of this paper is to delineate and discuss these..."

Tags:exercise, adherence

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship of adherence to a self-care regimen vs. compliance to a self-care regimen. The paper explains that the former suggests voluntary cooperation, but the latter suggests submissive acquiesence, but does not necessarily suggest a positive outcome.

From the Paper
"Many epidemiologic studies have shown that there is an increase in prevalence of chronic and/or incurable diseases in the United States. These diseases demand a self-care regimen which usually includes the need for patients to modify their life style and behaviors. However, inconsistent, inaccurate, or total non-adherence to prescribed medical regimens results in higher infection rates, organ rejections, disease comorbidity, and mortality. Additionally, non-adherence leads to higher health care utilization, such as emergency care overload, hospital admissions, and additional diagnostic procedures; eventually costing the..."

Tags:adherence, compliance, diabetes

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a critique of a qualitative study on the psychological complications of diabetes causing death by the poor adherence to treatment regimen by patients. The writer looks at the need for management of diabetes.

From the Paper
"The research problem is that psychological complications of diabetes cause death and yet patients demonstrate poor adherence to treatment regimen. Knowledge of reasons for this poor adherence is based on group research designs and fails to provide adequate explanations. Tilden Charman Sharples and Fosbury provided examples of other studies and what they found regarding this poor adherence to treatment .Further the authors discussed the concept of identity to support their conclusion that this factor is important ..."

Tags:diabetes, death, patients, qualitative, adherence, treatment

Abstract
This paper examines the critical success factors for medication adherence in older men and women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Specifically, the paper attempts to identify what critical factors improve medication adherence among the elderly diagnosed with COPD. The results of this study help to fill the gap in literature that currently exists related to medication adherence among the elderly. The paper further discusses the ample evidence lending support for studies that specifically target the elderly, as empirical data suggests their compliance to procedures and practice guidelines varies significantly from that of younger populations.

Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study
Overview
Problem Statement
Purpose
Significance
Chapter 2
Literature Overview
Conceptual & Theoretical Framework
Medication Adherence and COPD
Operational Definitions
Hypothesis Research Questions
Chapter 3
Method
Research Design
Sample Characteristics
Instruments and Interventions
Ethical Issues Protection Human Subjects
Chronology of Events
Chapter 4
Plan for Data Analysis
Data Analysis
Results and Discussions
Chapter 5
Evaluation of Proposal
Abstract
Strengths and Limitations
Publication
Appendix I - Survey Questionnaire
References

From the Paper
"In any study involving human subjects it is vital the researcher take precautions to ensure the confidentiality, safety and support of all participants involved in the study. It is also vital the researcher fully inform study participants of the intent of the study, and provide ample guidance for completing each aspect of the study. For this reason the researcher will provide comprehensive instructions at the beginning of each survey mailed to participants, and provide participants a contact number to ensure they have a resource for discussing questions related to the study if necessary.
To ensure the ethical nature of this study, all study participants will be fully informed of the intent of this study and the potential uses for the information provided by this study. Study participants will be asked to sign an agreement stating they understand the focus and implications of this study. All study participants will be afforded the opportunity to provide information confidentiality for purposes of this study. Further, participants will all receive the results of this study in a separate mailing at the end of study. In cases where participants are unable to complete the questionnaires mailed to them, they may appoint a proxy to complete the questionnaire for them."

Tags:health, conditions, risk, treatment, administration, general, practitioners, care, chemical

Abstract
In this essay, the writer offers a step by step analytical critique of a nursing article on lack of adherence to medications in schizophrenics. The writer looks at the significance of the article for psychiatric nurses and the research problem examined in the article.

From the Paper
"The title of the article is 'Lack of Awareness and Non-adherence in Schizophrenia'. Though it suggests the research problem i e the relationship between inadequate information and adherence to medication and schizophrenia, this relationship is not explicitly stated.
"The abstract does clearly and concisely summarize the main features of the study by Kozuki and Froelicher. It specifically identifies the research design the relationship between the variables subjects and inclusion criteria outcome measures analysis techniques and results."

Tags:nursing, psychology, schizophrenics, medications

Abstract
The research paper examines different strategies that are being used within communities in order to determine the most successful ones in increasing the amount of patients who adhere and complete the treatment plan and therefore decrease the level of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The paper explores the reasons behind non-compliance with treatment and shows how successful strategies attempted to take a multi-faceted approach, addressing issues such as supervision,
economic factors, social support, drug availability, healthcare set-up and others. The paper includes a literature review as an appendix to the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Appendix: Literature Review

From the Paper
"Tuberculosis remains a significant cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, a situation which is exacerbated due to the association of TB as an opportunistic infection of HIV. Despite there having been treatment programmes in place in many areas of Africa for a number of years there remain a large number of deaths from the disease partially due to poor adherence rates to the treatment programmes available. There has been a large amount of literature published which discusses the factors which may impact on adherence to these treatment programmes, and some which evaluates strategies to improve adherence."

Tags:antiretroviral, therapy, AIDS, compliance

Abstract
This paper critically analyses the factors that may contribute to the chronically ill person maintaining or not maintaing adherence to treatment. Five related areas of concern associated with compliance metatheory are briefly reviewed. It is asserted that theory building, assessment, research, and clinical application have been needlessly constrained as a result of the tendency of compliance investigations to be: (a) unidimensional, (b) practitioner centered, (c) reductionist, (d) stability (consistency) oriented, and (e) a motivational. The problem listing is then followed by a discussion of potential conceptual alternatives, and by the presentation of a tentative family of terms to replace the current overextended usage of the compliance label.

From the Paper
"Compliance is usually defined as a technical problem that is a theoretical in nature; that is to say, compliance is a problem associated with getting the patient to behave in accord with medical advice. Karoly finds this definition to be somewhat sterile and urges that compliance should be thought of as a construct not unlike intelligence. Karoly argues that control theory offers a useful meta-analytic framework for conceptualizing the construct. The power of this approach is that it offers the possibility of combining cause-effect models and those that attempt to analyze "properties of people and/or systems (e.g., families) that are capable of yielding consistencies in health maintaining behavior." Karoly offers a triarchic model of compliance that is analogous to Sternberg's model of the construct of intelligence."

Tags:based, critically, evidence, interventions, nursing

Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of the reviewed study was to find out why these men with coronary artery disease were not taking care of themselves so that new and better ways can be found for these people. The author reports that the qualitative method consisted of one hour interviews with five informants that were involved in a cardiac therapy program. The paper states that the qualitative method is far more appropriate for this type of study than the quantitative method would have been and the researchers used bracketing to shield the data that they collected and analyzed from their own preconceived ideas, which could have greatly affected the results of the study; however, one possible limitations is that the study sample was not large enough.

From the Paper
"The way that the subjects for this study were obtained was very appropriate, since they were all older men between 60 and 70 years old that were involved in a cardiac therapy program as a result of CAD. They had all been diagnosed within the past two years, and they were willing participants. The sample size was also adequate. Although the study could have certainly been conducted with more individuals, the fact that there were only five patients interviewed allowed the researchers to have a lot of time with each person. This helped the patients feel that they could actually talk about what they needed and wanted, as well as what they had difficulty with."

Tags:sample, bracketing, interviews, data, nursing

Abstract
This paper discusses factors that interfere with adherence to established medical treatments for tuberculosis in minority populations within the United States. It examines medical, social and economic factors that influence the failure rate among patients with active tuberculosis to complete the recommended tuberculosis treatment regimen voluntarily.

From the Paper
"According to an essay published online by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tuberculosis is an increasing public health problem in the United States, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. The treatment program for tuberculosis is lengthy and complex. Most cases require patients to be treated with up to four drugs for a period of six months or longer. An ongoing challenge for public health officials in the United States is to ensure completion of..."

Tags:Medical, tuberculosis, multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, TB treatment, infection rates, minority populations, access to medical care, treatment protocols, adherence, failure rates

Abstract
The paper discusses how the problem of adherence to treatment by patients with diabetes can be approached in many different ways, and there are numerous factors that need to be explored and each one of the determinants of health applies to the issue of adherence. The paper looks at how Sarkar, Fisher and Schillinger (2006) chose to investigate how race and ethnicity as well as health literacy might affect adherence. The paper also discusses how Mendez and Belendez (1997) studied one specific age group, adolescents, in order to determine how such factors as developmental stage, stress, and social support might make a difference for treatment adherence.

From the Paper
"The problem of adherence to treatment by patients with diabetes can be approached in many different ways. There are numerous factors that need to be explored and each one of the determinants of health applies to the issue of adherence. Sarkar, Fisher and Schillinger (2006) chose to investigate how race and ethnicity as well as health literacy might affect adherence. Mendez and Belendez (1997) studied one specific age group, adolescents, in order to determine how such factors as developmental stage, stress, and social support might make a difference for treatment..."

Tags:diabetes, adherence, studies