Abstract This paper discusses the contributions of Robert Adam to architecture, with an emphasis on his design innovations. These include his introduction of the classical revival style in both architecture and interior decoration during the last half of the 1700s. The paper describes Adam as reacting against the Neo-Palladian styles that was in vogue in the first part of the century. The paper also touches on some of the artistic works that influenced Adam's style, such as Etruscan vases. Adam's interior design is also examined and noteworthy examples of his architecture and interior design are cited with illustrations.
Outline:
Interior and Exterior Designs Preceding and During the Time of Robert Adam Adam's Visual Design Composition
Contextural Design
Adam's influence on Early Neoclassical Design
Conclusion
From the Paper "The materials used by the designers during the 18th century reflected the industrial revolution, in that they were able to utilize improved older materials. Bricks were fired at higher temperatures and became different colors. Stucco and ceramic tiles were also utilized, with decorative or highly colored motifs that carried designs or imitated brick. Improved casting techniques allowed designers to use decorative ironwork to create delicate, Neoclassical patterns that were used in balconies and window frames. Structural ironwork was also used in staircases, increases and iron plates that helped fireproof structures. "
Abstract This paper examines and details the chapter of Samuel in the bible,
which the writer also interprets as the history of Israel. This paper discusses Samuel's connection to the birth of Jesus and Christianity. This paper also contains a list of lessons learned from this particular chapter in the bible.
From the Paper "It was in the early period of morning one day when Samuel heard the voice of Jehovah, which communicated unto him that with immediate effect a terrible judgement would fall upon Eli & his sons. Samuel was very much afraid in the first instance to speak what he had heard from Jehovah to his High Priest, Eli. But later told him everything, word to word, of what he heard from the Lord, This was the first test of Samuel from God and when Samuel acted faithful to this test Lord was pleased. With this a new history in the kingdom of God had commenced and Israel had got a new link between the Heavenly King and themselves."
Abstract The paper presents biographical information about Samuel Beckett, and then discusses some of his major works. According to the paper, Beckett had a profound effect on modern literature, and still influences writers today. Beckett's literary style is considered as well as the common themes that appear in his novels and plays. The author concludes that to truly understand Beckett's works one must understand his life.
From the Paper "Samuel Beckett was a literary genius and a master at what he created, but he also made people think about the human condition and the place of people in the people. Not the place of people suh as their social class, but the place of people as in what they really mean to one another ancd to themselves. It was not until Beckett had his epiphany and realized that he must embrace the darkness in himself that he actually started turning out a lot of work that was high quality and worthy of praise. Until that time, Beckett had done precious little that the critics enjoyed and he really did not work that much. After the realization, however, he found that he could write what he felt and what he needed to say without fear of what others were thinking of him, and apparently without fear of what he thought of himself. This was wonderful for Beckett, but equally as important for all of those that read his work and enjoy it, because if this realization had not come to him, he may not have turned out the amount and quality of work that he did in fact create."
Abstract This paper claims that Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," is an excellent illustration of the Gothic genre. The writer discusses the development of this style as a reaction to the "Age of Reason" and Enlightenment. The paper also discusses elements particular to the Gothic style and illustrates why "Christabel" is innovative, especially its fantastic and taboo topics. The paper explains that "Christabel" also serves to demonstrate Coleridge's impact on redirecting and revitalizing literature at the end of the 18th century.
From the Paper "Along with William Wordsworth, Coleridge had an active hand in changing the face of poetry forever when they published their Lyrical Ballads in 1798. In this work, as well as his future work, Coleridge explored "the development of the human person, on how selves are made and lost," by introducing fantasy and innovative story lines that developed as the poem developed instead of simply focusing on a static "picture" or event (Taylor 707). This is a reflection of the times in which Coleridge lived. Much of the focus at this time was on the various scientific ideas that were in their infancy. Psychology and sociology were all but unheard of at the time, and so Coleridge's exploration of the inner self is truly innovative, but it was also his interest in things even more mysterious than this that likely generated the ideas for "Christabel." Since The Enlightenment advocated reason and logic above all other modes of thought and philosophy, this interest in the spiritual and illogical seems a natural backlash to the psychological and social pressures The Enlightenment placed on its most creative individuals. "
Abstract This paper is a biography of John Adams and his time as president. It also discusses his wife Abigail. The paper explores Adam's personal combative style and his controversial political writings. The author expands on his reputation as a powerful politician.
From the Paper "John Adams was born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A Harvard-educated lawyer, he soon became identified with the patriot cause and became a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses. He was one of the leaders in the movement for independence from England. Adams also has the distinction of being the only founding father not to own slaves during his life. The World Almanac Book of Facts reports that during the Revolutionary War he served in France and ..."
Tags: John Adams, Federalist, president, Abigail, Jefferson, Continental Congress
Abstract This paper follows John Adams through his career with an emphasis on the " the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived? the job of George Washington's vice-president.
From the Paper "John Adams was very much involved with the government before he was elected president. He was a consulter and a writer for newspapers that critiqued the government of the day. John Adams was elected as a member of the Massachusetts legislature. However, this prestigious position was revoked as he rejoiced when the Bostonians dumped the hated British tea into the Boston harbor. During the Boston Massacre, shots were fired upon the citizens of Boston who taunted and heckled the British troops. None other than "John Adams represented the British soldiers to be innocent and in danger of being railroaded by the colonists if action was not taken" (Degregorio, 24). When Britain retaliated, John Adams was elected as a radical to the First Continental Congress in 1774. John Adams held strong ambitions for foreign policy and helped write the resolutions of May 10, 1776. He also strongly defended the Declaration of Independence such that he had certified it with his signature."
Abstract The paper portrays the feelings expressed in this painting, how they offer a duality of good and evil, but also the sadness and depression of being a mortal human, in Adam and Eve's expression in this piece. The paper discusses how in many ways, the heads being linked together beneath the Tree of Knowledge helps to explain why they must always dually remember their act, regardless of the fact that Eve committed the act initially alone.
From the Paper "The art study will examine a painting depicting Adam and Eve joined at the head to the Tree of Knowledge. In many ways, the sadness of the painting reinforces the Biblical contract with God, which Eve broke in order to eat an apple off of this ancient tree of good and evil. The sadness in their expressions forges this alliance of loss and shame, as Adam and his wife were eventually expelled from the Garden of Eden for this act."
Abstract This paper summarizes, analyzes and reviews the book "SamuelAdams", noting that the book is more of a history of the American Revolution than a biography of the political figure after whom the book is named. After discussing the book, the paper concludes that what Ralph Harlow wrote in "SamuelAdams" was, in reality, a theory of the American Revolution and had very little to do with the actual life of SamuelAdams.
From the Paper "Having given a token background for the purpose of being able to style his work as a biography, Harlow then proceeds to give a far more comprehensive explanation of the early roots of the Revolution, his real topic. He claims that the first radicals were not at Anti-British at all, but were instead a group rising from the merchant class to attack specific bills without any desire to challenge the entire system that benefited them greatly. These people were far more concerned with local politics than with nationalism. However, it often suited the Otis party, as the radicals were originally called, to cause trouble for the governor, who had elected Thomas Hutchinson, their most bitter rival locally, to a position in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, even though the governor's predecessor had originally promised the job to one of their own members."
Tags: comprehensive, explanation, early, roots, topic, radicals, anti-British, merchant, class
Abstract This paper explains that the SamuelAdams brand series by The Boston Beer Company, one of the world's most successful breweries producing malt products, ciders, teas and other drinks, have become a favorite in the United States, Germany, England and throughout South America. The author points out that the bulk of the international sales are the result of resale in which the company sells to domestic distributors who in turn sell to domestic and international retailers and consumers; whereas, the direct company sales are a result of joint ventures in countries such as Argentina, Chile and Brazil. The paper relates that, to prevent damage or spoilage in transportation, the beer is condensed for shipment, sent to local bottling plants in either domestic or international markets and the simply re-hydrated, bottled and distributed by the local bottling plant.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Exporting with Shipping and Packing
Documentation
Pricing
Five Key Elements
Conclusion
From the Paper "Mr. Hall pointed out that the Boston Beer Company works on the export price with a cost-plus method. The calculations start with a domestic manufacturing cost and adds in administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit. Price is also determined by: projected sales, actual cost of the export, market demand and competition which will also include "nonmarket" costs like tariffs and customs fees, exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function such as domestic advertising."
Abstract This paper briefly reviews John K. Alexander's book, "SamuelAdams: America's Revolutionary Politician." It illuminates Alexander's thesis and explores the evidence presented by John K. Alexander in his work. The paper suggests that Alexander's work is not objective enough to be an invaluable resource, however it commends the number of sources that are used and suggests that the book is well written.
From the Paper "There are two other items of considerable interest which must be discussed when examining Alexander's work: his use of resources and his ability to contextualize the characters he discusses. To begin with the former, a quick glance at the selected bibliography found at the back of the book indicates an impressive mix of primary and secondary resources. In that regard, Alexander has made a concerted effort to review as much of the material available on the life and times of Samuel Adams, as possible - albeit the way in which this material has been used is an open question. Proceeding further, Alexander has done a commendable job of placing Adams and other principals within the proper historical context; to wit, whenever quoting eighteenth century correspondence, every effort is undertaken to adhere to the grammatical and spelling conventions of Adams' time, and Alexander also sees to it that those contemporaries of Adams have "ample opportunity to speak for themselves" (xi). In the end, this sort of reliance upon primary correspondence gives the book an authenticity it might not have otherwise."
This paper reviews Henry Adams's "The Education of Henry Adams; Henry Adams was the grandson of John Quincy Adams and the great-grandson of John Adams.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 57.95
Abstract This paper explains that Henry Adams's "The Education of Henry Adams" is subtitled as a biography, but doesn't actually tell the story of Henry Adams life; instead, it looks at how he developed his mental ideas and opinions based on historical, political, and philosophical contemplation of the things that were going on during his time. The author points out that, in the "The Education of Henry Adams," Adams places a great deal of criticism on himself and the entire world, which can be very satiric and biting, but there is warmth and humor contained within the book. The paper relates that one small downside to the book is that Adams appears to generalize everything to the point that it often appears he is lumping too many individuals together and does not allow various individual opinions to actually come through.
From the Paper "Much of what the book has to offer, however, deals with the power that was had at the time by Christianity and the church and how this power was changed and forced into submission by Darwin's theory of evolution, and much of the power that technology had over individuals during that time. To discuss technology, Adams mentions the Paris exposition that he attended in 1900 and the dynamos that were present there. After he saw this type of technology coming to the front the also realized that Darwinism was causing so much chaos in the world and he felt that there was so much power in technology that the church was not able to withstand the onslaught."
Abstract This paper analyses Adams critique of modern education as found in his autobiographical "The Education of Henry Adams". The paper brings out the subtlety and profundity of Adams argument and points out the shortfalls. Adams' principle contention is that education based on science is chaotic and without direction. Science breeds division, yet science-based knowledge neither acknowledges this fact, nor prepares students to cope with it. The paper goes on to highlight Adams' prognostications of how modern education will effect the political, social and gender spheres, and marvels at his prescience.
From the Paper "Because he distrusted the autobiographical "I", Adams finds an alternative use of the subject of his autobiography, which is as a manikin doll to test suitably of conventional education, and whether it has prepared him for the world. He states that this act of self effacement is a trend started by Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose semi-autobiographical Emile is really an educational tract. Adams is suggesting that autobiography is automatically a narrative of one's education, and the narrator is simply the means by which this is accomplished. If this is the case, he prefers to do the deed expressly, calling the described character of Henry Adams a manikin doll, and education being the real subject matter. This does not mean that he becomes detached from the character, but he does avoid the "I" throughout, and narrates the story of Henry Adams strictly in the third person. "
Tags: students, diversity, system, tools, direction
This paper analyzes the life of Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, the second president of the United States as presented by Charles W. Akers in his book "Abigail Adams: An American Woman".
Abstract This paper explains that Abigail Adams stood as a witness to the crucial political events that resulted in the formulation of the nation's early political and legal history; however, her status as a woman during time and her intellectual and personal capacity is interesting in its own right, outside of her marital connections. The author points out that, unlike the relatively singular lives of Washington or Jefferson, the Adams emerged as a political dynasty as well as a political influence in the young nation's development. The paper states that Abigail Adams? letters to her husband lay testimony to the fact that rather than being complaint, during the immediate antebellum period, the ideological struggles over slavery and women's rights were woven into the historical fabric of the founding nation.
From the Paper "Adams? failure to exhort her husband and to use her political influence to achieve her objectives highlights the contradictions of this early period of American history. It has been commented that the more simply articulated ideals of the Declaration of Independence eventually were diluted by the political necessities of constructing a Constitution amenable to all of the states, and to the maintenance of the aristocratic, land-owning class that the Founding Father came from. The new nation was to be governed by the Thomas Jefferson's of the world, not the Thomas Paines, and to maintain a delicate equilibrium between South and North; the existence of slavery was tolerated via the ?three-fourths compromise.? Similarly, women's rights were also compromised and bracketed for later reference, to be resolved by future generations. Certain contradictions of American free governance were put aside for later generations to wrangle with, rather than to become a part of the difficult struggles of making America into a new nation."
Abstract John Adams' theory was based on the notion that there are three elements of government: monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, in Adams' definition, the governments of one, of few and of all. Adams' system of government posits a tripartite legislative structure composed of executive, senate and representative branches, with no one branch stronger than any other. Adams proposes this system so that no one branch, or the interest in society they represent, can consolidate too much power to themselves and begin to tyrannize the populace. Adams believed that this golden means of monarchic, aristocratic and democratic tendencies was the only way to ensure that the liberty of all citizens would be maintained.
Abstract This paper discusses the well-researched and well-documented biography, "Abigail Adams: An American Woman" written by Charles W. Akers, presenting a multifaceted portrait of Abigail Adams. The paper contends that the book is scholarly, yet written with the lay audience in mind; the text is presented chronologically and with compelling narrative that exposes Adams's persona and opinions. Attesting to its relevance to academia and historiography, the paper claims that Akers's biography is almost entirely based on primary source material, namely, the two thousand letters Adams had written during the course of her life and the Adams family manuscripts.
From the Paper "Abigail Adams is therefore an excellent historical reference work that can provide a foundation for studying life in revolutionary America in general. Abigail Adams represents a specific stratum of American life: the upper-class, white, Protestant, New England, and female perspective. In the early chapters of the biography, Akers offers a thorough family background of Abigail so that the reader can place her in context of not only her society and times but also of her unique upbringing. Her father William Smith was a church minister in rural Massachusetts and in spite of his piety refused the evangelical trends sweeping across the colonies known as the Great Awakening. William Smith's moderate views on religion undoubtedly influenced his daughter Abigail, who throughout her life would exhibit moderation in her opinions on most social and political issues. Although she was a staunch revolutionary, highly critical of the old European powers and strongly in favor of American independence, Abigail Adams was no radical. For instance, her brand of feminism included deference to traditional roles of women as wives and mothers."
