Abstract This paper explains that the history of policing in the United States of America began with an ad-hoc program of citizen vigilante groups, which were formed immediately upon the founding of the early settlements. The paper then relates that the modern community police force was first organized in the city of Boston Massachusetts in 1631 as the "Night Watch", which evolved into the Boston Police Department in 1838. In addition, the paper relates that the state of Pennsylvania became the first to establish a state police agency in 1904. The paper continues the history of the U.S. police to the present times and includes a discussion about community policing and the use of information-based systems for tracking and mapping crime patterns.
From the Paper "Before the advent of men like August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson into the police establishment, the image and esteem of the policemen in most cities, was at an all time low. Police formations were notorious for corruption and complicity with known criminals, particularly organized crime bosses in large cities like Chicago and New York. A lot of improvements in both men and materials have gone a long way to make modern American police establishment very respectable places to work. Highly trained and motivated policemen and women, command some of the best salaries and conditions of service among employees of labor."
This paper looks at the history of the Guardian ad Litem system, a system of volunteers and attorneys representing children who are victims of child abuse and neglect.
Abstract This paper examines the history of the Guardian ad Litem system, which is a system of volunteers and attorneys who represent children who are victims of child abuse and neglect. They investigate a case and make a report to the judge. The paper looks at how effective the program has been and some of the problems it presents.
From the Paper "Historically it has always been believed that parents took care of their children's best interests but this fallacy became apparent when Dr Henry C. Kempe published "The Battered Child Syndrome" and it was recognized for the first time that such a clinical condition existed and threatened a child's life.
Tags: Guardian ad litem (GAL), Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA)
Abstract This paper explores the current mobile computing technologies related with network, hardware and software. In addition, the security and standard of mobile computing is considered as an important aspect of this field. Thie paper also analyzes the current issues in mobile computing worldwide that require further innovation.
Contents:
Introduction
Different types of Distributed Mobile Computing system
Traditional Distributed System
Nomadic Distributed System
Ad-Hoc Mobile distributed System
Mobile Computing Technologies and Hardwares
GSM
AMPS
CDPD
Circuit-switched network
Packet-switched network
Bluetooth
Common Mobile Computing Hardware
Mobile Computing Software
Operating System
Mobile Computing application software
Mobile Computing Security
Virus Attacks
Synchronisation
Network Security
Current Issues of Mobile Computing
Batteries related issues
Bandwidth
Reliability
Mobile Computing Standard
WAP
SWAP
The Future of Mobile Computing
Summary and Conclusion
References
From the Paper "With the boom in laptop computer sales and the recent popularity of cellular telephone, PCS and paper technologies many experts are convinced that tomorrow?'s computers will all be mobile. This surge in popularity is followed by the desire for continuous Internet connectivity regardless of location; in other words, users desire Internet version of cellular telephone and mobile that can supply network function."
Tags: amps, cdpd, distributed, hoc, mobile, nomadic, system
Abstract This paper explains that AD/HD refers to a family of related chronic neurobiological disorders that interfere with an individual's capacity to regulate activity levels, inhibit behavior, and attend to tasks in developmentally appropriate ways. The author points out that the diagnosis of AD/HD in adults is made even more problematic by the requirement of symptoms before age seven because adults patients may not be able to recall symptoms relating to their experiences in the past; therefore, another part of the diagnosis is often a joint interview with both the patient and a family member or spouse. The paper relates that, since many problems in the lives of adults with AD/HD are directly related to the disorder, tailored treatments are often the best approaches; the four basic methods are medial, educational, behavioral, and psychological.
From the Paper "In addition to the above general requirements for AD/HD diagnosis, each category of AD/HD also has specific requirements. For an AD/HD predominately Inattentive diagnosis, six of a possible nine symptoms must be present in the patient for more than six months, and those symptoms must be abnormal for the patient's developmental level. The symptoms include frequent inattention to detail or carelessness in schoolwork or other activities, difficultly in maintaining attention, frequent non-adherence to instructions and failure to complete tasks in schoolwork, chores, or work related activity. Additional symptoms include failure to listen when spoken to directly, difficulty with organization, avoidance, dislike, or reluctance to tasks requiring sustained mental effort, such as homework, frequent misplacement of materials, frequent forgetfulness, and a tendency to be easily detracted."
Abstract This paper examines how and why certain ads are accepted or rejected by the media while also delving into who ultimately decides which ads are broadcast to the viewing public. The writer of this paper focuses on the most recent Super Bowl which was broadcast on the CBS television network while detailing the reasons behind two specific ads which were rejected due to their content. This paper delves into the First Amendment to the Constitution and its relevance to this particular topic. The paper also analyzes the rules and regulations stipulated by the Federal Communications Commission and its resulting impact on the advertising industry as a whole.
From the Paper "Although the Super Bowl is a public event that is the most watched TV program, it is a privately produced show and the choice of what ads to run rests with the network, a private company. Once CBS network bought the rights to broadcast the Super Bowl it had First Amendment rights to choose what it would or would not broadcast. Under the First Amendment CBS has the right to exercise its editorial judgment regarding the content of Super Bowl ads."
Abstract This paper examines why the New York Times banned cigarette advertising. The writer discusses how the banning of tobacco ads reduces the pressures on children to take up smoking and leaves room for advertisements warning the readers against the dangers of smoking. In addition the way in which banning of these ads may prevent nonsmokers who buy The New York Times, from involuntarily contributing to the tobacco industry, is also discussed.
From the Paper "Little by little, cigarette advertising has been disappearing from American newspapers and magazines. This trend began more than two years ago when the first national newspaper, The New York Times, officially banned tobacco advertising. At the same time, local newspapers such as the Seattle Times and Portland Organdie copied the national newspaper."
Abstract Advertising has long been associated with unreasonable claims, in fact, we have come to expect them. Advertisements quite often imply qualities about the products and people within the context of the ad that are simply impossible. Over the long-term, our culture has grown to accept advertisements as a fiction into which we are drawn for 30 seconds. During that time, the viewer suspends disbelief because of the formula at play and simply accepts the fiction that surrounds the product. In the realm of diet advertising, however, such fictions have turned out to be potentially dangerous or even deadly. Diet product and diet advertising has long made irrational claims about enormous changes in the body over impossibly short periods of time. Research shows that the level of false advertising in commercials for diets and diet products is staggeringly high. The FTC found that 55 percent of weight-loss ads make claims that lack proof or very likely are false (Eggerton, 2002). In fact, this problem has been ongoing since one of the first false-advertising in diet commercials claims was made; in 1993, the Federal Trade Commission charged that five of the nation's largest commercial diet-program companies have misled consumers by making unsubstantiated weight-loss claims and by using deceptive testimonials ("FTC Accuses Five Diet Programs of Deceptive Advertising", 1993; Cordes, 1993). It is proposed that research will demonstrate that the effect of false advertising (and thus false expectations) about diets and diet products has resulted in a greater health crisis in relation to weight than ever before.
Abstract This paper will discuss an ad that was taken off of the Internet and will describe its meaning to the product it sells and also give a reflection on how it may influence the customer into purchasing this service. The company called Sky Net Web will be the main subject of this description of an Ad and will be analyzed in the way that this company presents itself on the web.
This paper discusses the Australian not-for-profit ad campaign called YBeBlue, which is designed to help people recognize the symptoms of depression in themselves and in others, especially adolescents.
Abstract This paper explains that the ads's effectiveness is based on their ability to use the visual language of other youth-oriented ads to attract adolescents, a group highly likely to suffer from depression. The author points out that the YBeBlue campaign has linked its efforts to those of a number of for-profit companies, a strategy that is becoming increasingly common and can prove to be quite effective for the company concerned, as well as highly useful for the non-profit. The paper relates that the campaign uses television spots, a Web site, banners, and postcards distributed to schools, universities, government agencies, and health centers in a very directed strategy of distribution of information.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Different Type of Product
Adolescents Targeted By Depression
Using the Language of Young People to Talk to Young People
Moving From Television to Print
Cause-Related Advertising
From the Paper "The causes of depression include both biological and possibly genetic causes as well as a range of environmental ones. In many individuals, depression is caused by an interaction between biological and environmental (both personal and general) factors. Depression is categorized as an affective disorder, which means it is one of the forms of mental illness in which the defining characteristic is a mood disturbance. The affective changes in depression are a feeling of sadness (which matches with the popular understanding of the disorder), but it is also marked by feelings of guilt, helplessness and hopelessness. It is these last three that are at least as debilitating as the sadness itself."
Abstract This paper compares magazine advertising of the 1920s and 1930s with magazine ads of the 1990s in the way each portrays contemporary views of race and gender in America. Advertising has always represented a mirror on society, sometimes reflecting the newest trends but more often showing the way that society sees itself at the time.
From the Paper "This paper compares magazine advertising of the 1920s and 1930s with magazine ads of the 1990s in the way each portrays contemporary views of race and gender in America. Advertising has always represented a mirror on society, sometimes reflecting the newest trends but more often showing the way that society sees itself at the time. During the 1920s, magazine advertising first became a major advertising tool, and its colorful pictures and even more colorful copy reflect the brash, loud confidence of a nation that had just won its first world war. The ads of the time reflect the growing independence women were experiencing, as they gained the right to vote and began to do in public what they had never before dared - smoking cigarettes, showing their legs, traveling on their own. The ads also reflect the continued subservience of blacks and other minorities; when they appeared.."
Abstract This paper discusses how Economic Value Added (EVA) is not a new concept in economics and financial theory and is based on the 19th century concept of "economic profit", it has only been widely adopted recently by business firms as an accounting practice. It describes what EVA is and looks at its pros and cons from the point of view of the company adopting the practice and the investors. It also examines how EVA differs from some other emerging accounting practices and the major issues relating to EVA as compared to other commonly used accounting principles. Finally, the possible problems and opportunities that a company adopting EVA principles can face are analyzed.
From the Paper "In other words Economic Value Added is not the straightforward accounting "profit" that we get by subtracting the costs minus revenue. In EVA we take into account the "cost of capital" that is invested in the business and the cost of capital includes both debt and equity. Hence if we invest, for example, $ 100,000 in a business and get $110,000 as revenue the profit is not simply ($ 110,000 minus $ 100,000 = $ 10,000) since the $ 100,000 at the time of investment had an opportunity cost that has to be accounted for before we determine our "real" profit. If the opportunity cost of $100,000 at the time of investment was $ 120,000, i.e., the investor could earn $ 20,000 by investing his/her money elsewhere, the $10,000 "paper profit" would actually be a "loss" in real terms."
Abstract This paper investigates Economic Value Added, or EVA, invented and promoted by Stern Stewart & Co. The author points out that this theory is aimed at eliminating the problems that accounting faces today by incorporating the concept of a "true economic profit" into accounting and bookkeeping. The paper states that the EVA concept intends to align reported earnings, something which shareholders always take into consideration when investing in a company, with the actual capital that was loaned by the company.
Table of Contents
The Cost of Equity Capital
Operating vs. Financing Decisions
Pension Plan Accounting
Full Cost Accounting
Stock Options
From the Paper "One of the errors that accountants usually makes and that leads to distorted reporting on a company's earnings is the fact that equity capital is not taken into consideration as a cost. If debt is considered a cost and debt interest is noted as an expense, than why not see equity as a cost as well, seeing that it is not a free resource, but something invested by shareholders into the company and funds put into the company. As Bennett Stewart points out, "the cost of equity is not a cash cost, it is an opportunity cost". Indeed, it is the equivalent return that a shareholder would expect to earn by investing in other stocks from companies of comparable risk."
Abstract This paper relates that Economic Value Added (EVA) may truly be considered the new "hottest thing" in accounting theory because it aims at eliminating the problems accounting faces today by incorporated the concept of a "true economic profit" into accounting and bookkeeping. The author points out that one of the errors accountants usually make, which leads to distorted reporting of a company's earnings, is the fact that equity capital is not taken into consideration as a cost. The paper stresses that stock options grants are an expense and that stock options are a form of compensation, which should be expensed as exercise rights vest.
Table of Contents
The Cost of Equity Capital
Operating vs. Financing Decisions
Pension Plan Accounting
Full Cost Accounting
Stock Options
From the Paper "Stewart suggests that the pension cost (which is to be determined) should be calculated as the difference between the service cost on one side and the difference between the fund return and the liability interest. The fund return is determined as the return on a portfolio of bonds of similar characteristics with the pension fund, so that in the end the return on the fund and the liability interest will cancel one another. In this way, the pension cost will be equal to its service cost."
This paper looks at technology's impact and added value to an organization and discusses a support plan for customers with an emphasis on technology partners and enhanced customer experiences.
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the impact of technology on customers and looks at how technology has been introduced to customers in way that added value. This work further outlines a support plan for customers during technology implementation. In addition, the writer examines how new partnerships with other providers of technology solutions may serve to enhance the experiences of customers.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
ERP System Adoption
Impact on Customers
Group Technology Deployment
Customer Support Plan
Developing Partnerships in CRM and IT
From the Paper "Customers are impacted by the deployment of the Information Technology across the organization through receiving better customer service, better customer support and through elimination of time-consuming errors. Another aspect of enhanced service to customers in IT implementation across the organization is automated billing processes in which the company's charges for products and services is billed in increments that are specifically stated, calculated and then totaled for invoicing and billing purposes. For instance, the company that performs specific project completion for a municipality on a regular basis will gain the ability to itemize billing for each specific project with each specific product, service or labor charge itemized within a software program that calculates the expense, bills it to the specific project and the specific product, service, or labor charge for that project with the customer. This method of accounting saves time and avoids confusion giving the company greater accountability and efficiency in billing procedures and resulting in more satisfied customers."
Abstract This paper explains that a Brownfield site is any land or premises which has been used previously as a building site and is not currently fully in use and can be used again as part of an environmental policy plan. The author points out that such land may be derelict land, which requires the removal of chemical waste, derelict infrastructure or instability problems, before the land can be redeveloped. The paper relates that the Brownfield system has been successful because it has opened the way for most investors while still maintaining sufficient control to force a cleanup and to assure that housing is placed where housing is needed and business property where business property is needed, according to some centralized plan rather than on an adhoc basis as was more common in the past.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Availability
National Land Use Data Base Statistics: Context
Characteristics of Brownfield Sites
Stoke-on-Trent
Agency
Economic Issues
Social Policy
Physical Development
Leveraging Partners
From the Paper "One of the areas that have been redeveloped in this fashion is at Stoke-on-Trent, and analysts have examined this site and reported on the brownfield process. R.M. Ball writes specifically about recent policy pronouncements on the UK built environment so as to reinforce the importance of infrastructure, sustainable use, and brownfield
development, and he focuses directly on the issue of vacant industrial premises, or brown buildings, in the local industrial property market. Ball argues that property development is both an economic and a social process, and in both areas, Ball sees the process as an interaction between "actors" in the development process in relation to structural forces that both constrain and facilitate actors as they seek to express and realize their interests."
