Abstract
How the brain functions has been of great interest to man for centuries, and in the past few decades, technology has created tools to investigate this process. This paper provides an overview of the five major imaging modalities for brain function: EEG, MEG, MRI, PET, and SPECT. The paper discusses the technology, the applications, and the future applications, as well as explores the current issues in the area. The paper includes colored photographs and figures.

From the Paper
"Functional imaging tools in current use include electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Functional brain imaging is used to diagnose and track the treatment of various brain disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and other psychological disorders. Functional tools are also used in complex pre-surgical planning and surgical mapping. Issues in the literature relate to the removal of artifacts and increasing resolution. Future directions of the technologies include the combination of modalities, development of surgical planning methods, clinical applications in stroke research, and future uses in epilepsy."

Tags:Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, tomography, oxygen

Abstract
This paper presents the author's perspective in "Activity Based Management for Service Industries, Government Entities and Non-Profit Organizations". The paper shows how the book focuses on providing information to managers that is vital to modern business concerned with cost management. Specifically, the book discusses activity based systems (ABS) that examines company profits in relation to activities generated by the organization.

From the Paper
"The Author's Perspective: Activity Based Management Activity Based Management for Service Industries, Government Entities and Non-Profit Organizations focuses on providing information to managers that is vital to modern business concerned with cost management. The book discusses Activity Based Systems (ABS) that examine company profits in relation to activities generated by the organization. This process blends into the concept of Activity Based Costing (ABC), which allows management to comprehend profits that are derived from products currently in the market. As these elements are focused upon, Activity Based Management (ABM) then proceeds to determine which factors contributing to the organization are effective, and where costs can be reduced through Activity Based Budgeting (ABB). Proper budgeting through this system allows managers to plan the finances of the organization in a manner that will align the company with the competition, and provide for a stronger economic future (Brimson & Antos)."

Tags:activity, based, management

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that leisure activities and crime are related in a number of complex, meaningful ways. The writer discusses general trends in this regard and points out that the literature indicates that the relationship is not standard and is affected by variables including type of leisure activity, gender, age, time of the day, leisure setting and other demographics. These issues are explored in greater detail in the paper.

From the Paper
"This relationship has been explored by a number of researchers over the past decades, generally with similar findings. Many researchers, including Messner and Blau, hypothesize that household leisure activities are negatively related to criminal behavior, whereas non-household leisure activities are often positively related to crime. Explanations for this trend are generally based on the "routine activities approach" which is based on the opportunity theory of crime."

Tags:leisure, crime, activity

Abstract
The paper claims that while not every type of environmental activism would be considered appropriate for Christians, Christians should participate in the kind of actions that can help preserve and restore the environment that are based on strong spiritual principles that are compatible with their own theology and practice. The paper asserts that ideally, this sort of environmental activism should also allow Christians to demonstrate their faith in action, in the public arena.

From the Paper
"The claim to be presented in this paper is that while not every type of environmental activism would be considered appropriate for Christians, Christians should participate in the kind of actions that can help preserve and restore the environment that are based on strong spiritual principles that are compatible with their own theology and practice. Ideally, this sort of environmental activism should also allow Christians to demonstrate their faith in action, in the public arena."

Tags:environment, christianity, activism

Abstract
In this article, the writer describes routine activity theory and then applies it to three examples of daily activity.

From the Paper
"Routine activity theory as described in the course text is also known as opportunity theory or exposure theory. It proposes that the more an individual's everyday routines expose the individual to a stimulus for a given outcome the more of that outcome will be associated with the individual. Further as noted in the text the three elements of routine activity theory needed for a crime to occur are motivated offenders suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians. The theory essentially ..."

Tags:routine activity theory, crime

Abstract
This paper focuses on value added activity based costing and how it can lead to improved processes and therefore improved profitability. The theory of value added activity based costing is examined in detail and a fictional example (Widgets Inc.) is used throughout the paper as a way of explaining and applying key economic concepts to different aspects of production and marketing.

Tags:value added, activity based costing, economic theory

Abstract
This paper considers the relatively new costing model called activity-based costing, developed in the 1980s and then refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs.

From the Paper
"Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed in the 1980s and has been refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs (Lewis, 1993, 12). The elements of this system can be applied to the working of a given business to help identify what may be driving costs upward. ABC can also be described as "a costing model that identifies the cost pools, or activity centers, in an organization and assigns costs to products and services (cost drivers) based on the number of events or transactions involved in the process of providing a product or..."

Tags:activity, based, costing

Abstract
This paper considers the stock market in general and the rise of shareholder activism. It concludes that shareholder activism is likely to increase rather than decrease as increasing numbers of investors hold greater amounts of wealth in the market.

From the Paper
"Companies can raise capital in two ways by issuing debt or selling equity. Debt is a straightforward borrowing arrangement that does not change the ownership structure of the firm ..."

Tags:stock market, shareholder activism

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the Internet is an ideal location to participate in activism for women in developing countries. The writer notes that in a world of global politics, a global economy, and even global education, it is not a surprise that global activism takes place. The writer explains that the Internet allows women's issues in developing nations to become more widely known, permits assistance from people in countries who would otherwise be unable to provide it, and allows community building in such a way as was unavailable even a few decades ago. Further, the writer notes that several such activist groups support women's issues in Afghanistan, the focus of this paper.

From the Paper
"The Internet is an ideal location to participate in activism for women in developing countries. In a world of global politics, a global economy, and even global education, it is not a surprise that global activism takes place. The Internet allows women's issues in developing nations to become more widely known, permits assistance from people in countries who would otherwise be unable to provide it, and allows community building in such a way as was unavailable even a few decades ago. Several such activist groups support women's issues in Afghanistan, the focus of this paper. Certain disadvantages do exist in using the Internet for activism on behalf of women in third world nations."

Tags:women, activism, internet

Abstract
The paper discusses, in a detailed description, the effectiveness of an activity-based costing system or ABC and the ineffectiveness of the current costing system in use at the Dakota Office Supply (DOS) company . The paper then relates the methodology of implementing ABC at DOS and the procedures involved in its application.

Outline:
Overview
Situational analysis
Activity based costing
ABC in practice at Dakota
Procedural steps of ABC

From the Paper
"Before performing ABC, a baseline or a starting point is needed for business process improvement and a baseline can be expressed in some form of model. This baseline is critical for DOP because in order to establish this baseline metric the analytics just performed must be done for each individual account. If DOP performs this activity on each customer the strategic management benefits would be substantial because all the excess cost-drivers could be eliminated resulting in much wider operating margins and thus profitability without increasing costs or committing resources to gain this efficiency. Therefore, a baseline is a documentation of the organization's policies, practices, methods, measures, costs and their interrelationships at a particular location at a particular point in time (Maiga & Jacobs, 2003). Through base-lining, activity inputs and outputs across functional lines of business can be identified. ABC is the only improvement methodology that provides output or unit costs. Value added activities are those for which the customers are usually willing to pay in some fashion for the product or service. Non-value added are activities that create waste, result in a delay of some sort, and potentially adds costs to the products or services. Resources are assigned to activities so that the activities can be performed in the first place. Some of Pilgrims' resources are measured in man-hours, machine hours as well as machine maintenance and operational overhead. It is through ABC that an organization can begin to see actual dollar costs against individual activities, and find opportunities to streamline or reduce those costs, or even eliminate the entire activity thus removing the cost altogether. This is the process inherent in ABC that reduces overall expenditures of the company. "

Tags:office, Dakota, activity, based, costing