Abstract
In analyzing the efficacy of various techniques by military units to obtain actionable intelligence in order to achieve mission success during the Korean and Vietnam wars, it is evident that a number of methods of battlefield intelligence gathering were used effectively during these conflicts, such as standard and covert reconnaissance missions, the questioning of civilians in battle zones, and interrogations of captured enemy personnel. Consequently, these methods and techniques should be used again in future conflicts, for they have been proven to provide both short-term and long-term actionable intelligence.

From the Paper
Actionable Intelligence in the Korean and Vietnam Wars In analyzing the efficacy of various techniques by military units to obtain actionable intelligence in order to achieve mission success during the Korean and Vietnam wars, it is evident that a number of methods of battlefield intelligence gathering were used effectively during these conflicts, such as standard and covert reconnaissance missions, the questioning of civilians in battle zones, and interrogations of captured enemy personnel. Consequently, these methods and techniques should be

Tags:korea, vietnam, intelligence

Abstract
The paper discusses the subject of action research, a term that is used to describe a continuum of activities that focus on research, planning, theorizing, learning and development, and involves a continuous process of research and learning in the researcher's long-term relationship with a problem. This paper reviews the action research and the different cultures of inquiry. An examination of the origins of action research is followed by a discussion concerning how action research fits with the educational system. An analysis of the role action research has played in educational history and the role of teachers is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion.

Outline:
Review and Discussion
Types of Action Research
Goals and Contributions of Action Research
Action Research Steps
Data Collection Methods for Action Researchers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although the framework illustrated in Figure 1 above is clear and consistent with basic action research and experiential learning premises, is remains inadequate to specifically address the complex context and requirements of contemporary educational research by distinguishing experiment design and planning from action and data collection (McPherson & Nunes, 2004). These authors maintain that these research stages should be separated from data analysis, interpretation and dissemination, and offer an eight-stage framework developed by Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2000) that provides a much better support for education researchers."

Tags:action, teachers, curriculum

Abstract
This paper reviews the debate swirling around affirmative action. In particular, the paper argues that affirmative action contains more benefits than debits and that at least some of the arguments put forward in opposition to it can be successfully rebutted by the available evidence. Specifically, the paper reviews the commonplace criticisms that affirmative action diminishes professional standards and also exacerbates racist and/or sexist attitudes towards certain groups. The paper concludes that the reasons in support of affirmative action are plausible and convincingly supported by the literature.

From the Paper
"For a very long time now, American society has been attempting to come up with a means of ensuring access to higher education and to lucrative jobs for minorities and for women. The most controversial of all the means used has been affirmative action, an approach which has increased the percentage of women and minorities in managerial and professional occupations ("Myth: Affirmative Action Hasn't Worked" n.d.) but has done so, critics charge, by placing people in positions for which they are ill-prepared and/or by discriminating against people simply on the basis of gender or race. Consequently, every failure by someone boosted into a position of authority by affirmative action may actually feed negative stereotypes about the group to which that individual belongs and lead to calls that merit is the greatest victim of affirmative action policies."

Tags:affirmative, action, argument

Abstract
The paper explains that action research is a contemporary area of scientific and sociological inquiry where behaviors, attitudes, preferences, and subsequent actions of a given individual or population are studied (Firestone, 1987). The paper discusses how change is made based upon the review of these practices, where a specific action or a plan of action is put into place as a means of affecting a desired outcome.

From the Paper
"Action research is a contemporary area of scientific and sociological inquiry where behaviors, attitudes, preferences, and subsequent actions of a given individual or population are studied (Firestone, 1987). Change is made based upon the review of these practices, where a specific action or a plan of action is put into place as a means of affecting a desired outcome. This paper shall briefly discuss the theoretical and methodological foundations of action research.

Tags:action, research, lewin

Abstract
This paper explains that the intention behind the affirmative action policy was positive in that its goal was to open doors and equalize opportunities between blacks and whites. The author points out the potentials scenario white Americans would face if affirmative action ceases. The paper relates the history of affirmative action and the litigation and trends toward reverse discrimination (Bakke v. California Board of Regents) and recent US Supreme Court rulings upholding affirmative action policies.

From the Paper
"Affirmative Action as a "policy" was introduced in 1965 by then President Lyndon B. Johnson as a method of redressing discrimination that had persisted in spite of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. "This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights," Johnson asserted. "We seek... not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result." (Brunner) Given that the 1960's were a period of social unrest, along with attempts at righting perceived long-term wrongs against minorities. The intention behind the Affirmative Action policy was positive in that its goal was to open doors and equalize opportunities between blacks and whites."

Tags:affirmative, action, impact

Abstract
This paper examines the history of affirmative action and contains detailed research explaining the sharp declines in higher education among varying minorities. The author also reviews the pros and cons of this hotly debated topic with extensive research and statistics.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Trends Revealed in Higher Education
College Enrollment
A Brief History of Affirmative Action
Threats to Affirmative Action
Making Affirmative Action Work
Associations and Organizations
Making It Work
Conclusions
Endnotes
References

From the Paper
"In order for us to attain a truly Democratic Society, regardless of political persuasion as Senator Kennedy points out, all Americans shall need to be made aware of and participate in the programs of Affirmative Action and Diversity. We are indeed a nation made up of a "melting pot," of various cultures however we are still true to the founders of this nation and rather than classification into some "politically correct," group much rather prefer to be labeled as Americans from the United States of America. United indeed by our very diversity that we as a nation are finally after many, many years of struggle one "Great Society," as envisioned by former President Johnson and every one of his predecessors and successors to hold the high office of President of the United States of America."

Tags:affirmative, action, education, minorities, law, rights

Abstract
This paper is a historical analysis of affirmative action in the United States. It covers the period from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the leaders involved in the decision to pass this amendment to the Constitution, and the motivation behind this historic decision. It then compares the policies of more recent years, and shows how the intentions of the originators of this Act have been manipulated, and how the group that it was intended to benefit from these actions, are now suffering reverse discrimination.

From the paper:

"The Declaration of Independence states, "all men are created equal." Our Constitution is based on giving each citizen the same equal rights. However, policies have been implemented since 1961 to go against the words of the founding fathers of this country. Affirmative action is, by definition, "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups" or "encouragement for increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment." Problems associated with affirmative action include reverse discrimination. Also, merit and accomplishments may be replaced by the requirement of a quota for a certain race or gender."

Tags:affirmative, action, civil, rights, kennedy, california, conservative, blacks, eeoc, johnson, race, gender, supreme, court, georgia, maryland, poor, classes, college

Abstract
This paper serves as a defense for the "Simple View" of the relationship between intentions and intentional action. In this view, an agent does action X intentionally only if she intended to do X. This view is subject to criticism through examples of actions that were completed intentionally but were not intended by the agent. Such examples are forwarded by Gilbert Harman and Michael Bratman and are used to refute the Simple View. The goal of this paper is to defend the Simple View against the examples presented by Harman and Bratman by showing how Bratman's own definition of "intention" allows for the actions in his examples to be qualified as both intentional and intended. This paper serves as a follow-up to Hugh McCann's ""Settled Objectives and Rational Constraints," which serves to counter some of Bratman and Harman's examples. It continues McCann's effort to defend the Simple View on a wider range of examples.

From the Paper
"There are two types of examples that seem to cause all kinds of problems for what Michael Bratman terms the "Simple View" of the relationship between intentional actions and intentions. The Simple View maintains that if an agent does an action A intentionally, then she intended to do A. The two groups of examples of intentional actions that seem to present challenges to the Simple View can be categorized by the nature of the beliefs and desires surrounding them. In the first group are intentional actions that the agent desires to achieve but is fairly or completely certain that she will not be able to do. This includes examples like Alfred Mele's golfer Lydia who is trying to hit a hole in one to win a million dollars. In the second group of examples are intentional actions that the agent believes she will carry out - either as a direct action or as a side effect of some other action - but that she really does not want to do. Let us call this group of actions grudging actions . This group includes examples like Gilbert Harman's sniper who knows he is going to alert the enemy to his presence by trying to shoot his target. In "Settled Objectives and Rational Constraints," Hugh McCann offers a defense for the Simple View against examples from the first group, but he conspicuously does not address examples from the second set, leaving the Simple View vulnerable on this important front. In this paper I will attempt to follow up McCann by offering a reasonable defense for the Simple View for examples of grudging actions under Bratman's definition of intention. First, I will draw a distinction between two types of intentional actions that can fall into this group: direct actions and what I will call side-effect actions. This distinction will allow us to focus on the side-effect examples - which are really the only problematic ones for the Simple View - but it will also reveal an important point about how intentions to do something can hold up in the face of strong or even prevailing negative desires (i.e., desires not to do something). Building from there, I will then attempt to reconcile the Simple View with the side-effect examples and in doing so will consider a strong objection of Bratman's to the labeling of agents in these types of actions as intending these actions. "

Tags:action, bratman, effects, example, harman, intentional, intentions, mccann, mele, side, simple, sniper, view

Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines affirmative action. In this look at affirmative action, the writer confirms that if racial equality is to be achieved in the United States, some form of affirmative action plan must remain in effect. The writer claims that this has been proven in California and Texas, where the abandonment of affirmative action in higher education has resulted in smaller minority student populations at top-tier institutions.

From the Paper
"The debate over affirmative action is unique in that it turns upon a philosophical paradox. The goal of affirmative action is after all ultimately to make itself unnecessary. In this affirmative action attempts to level the playing field at early stages in primary education, in social welfare programs etc. so that subsequent affirmative action at later stages in the work force at graduate schools etc. is unnecessary. Further affirmative action aims to bring about its own demise in other ways even at the earliest ... "

Tags:affirmative action, california, texas, equality of opportunity, egalitarianism

Abstract
This essay defines and explains four types of affirmative action, ranging from mild to severe, discusses common opinions regarding AA, and examines philosophical arguments for and against AA The four sources quoted in the essay are all philosophers, and their positions and rationale on the issue of affirmative action are explained. At the end of the essay the author indicates her own position on the morality and justice of AA programs, coming out in favor of affirmative action.

From the Paper
"One of the primary values of American society today is equal opportunity, and while there is still far to go true progress is occurring. Second, within a few years society will realize that the debate over weak and strong AA is simply diverting attention from the real issues: providing every child in America with the same quality education, health care services, and working to strengthen families."

Tags:action, affirmative, discrimination, racism