Abstract
This paper outlines and reviews an article on hospital acquired pneumonia from the medical journal Chest. It first gives an introduction, listing all of the article and study main points, as well as the findings. Then it looks at the hospital settings involved in the article as well as the hospital setting problems that have been found by the author and researchers. Next, the article discusses correlational statistical procedures, these being the study and comparison of different invasive and noninvasive techniques that are used by medical staff.

From the Paper
"The author first introduces the topic of hospital-acquired pneumonia, or HAP. The seriousness of this ailment has led the author to study the effectiveness and necessity of various forms of cultures that may detect and diagnose just what the cause of HAP is in any given case. Each type of HAP-diagnosing method is discussed and studied, as seen in patients on ventilators who are suffering from HAP, as well as general hospital patients who succumb to the affliction."

Tags:hospital, acquired, pneumonia

Abstract
This paper defines ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) as a specific strain of bacterial pneumonia which takes place when one's general pulmonary defense system ceases to function properly due to high levels of bacteria. The writer of this paper contends and explains why this particular strain of infectious bacterial pneumonia is often incurred during extended hospital stays. This paper details the manner in which the disease is spread via bodily fluids such as tears and saliva. This paper analyzes the use of specialized oral care positioning to both treat and prevent cases VAP. This paper also examines the success rate of preventative oral care at the Vanderbilt Medical Center in Tennessee.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Oral Care to Reduce Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia
Elevating Heads of Beds for Patients on Mechanical Ventilation
Other Precautions
References

From the Paper
"One of the places where changes have been implemented through oral care and there have been improvements is the surgical intensive care unit at Vanderbilt Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The incidence of ventilator assisted pneumonia was increasing at this hospital from 1999 to 2001. This led the center to start using comprehensive oral care from January 2002 as a part of a total program to remove the incidence of ventilator assisted pneumonia from the center. The change began to give perceptible results to the therapists and the nurses within a period of months. The changes were noted and within a two year period, there was a reduction of ventilator assisted pneumonia by as much as 46 percent. When the figures for 2002 are compared to figures for 2001, there is a clear decrease by 35 percent and there is another decrease that is seen in 2003 when compared to the figures of 2002."

Tags:cdc, intensive, care, unit, disease, saliva, plaque, oral, care, treatment, prevention

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of after-acquired evidence in court cases. The paper presents a focus on this factor in cases that deal with employment discrimination. To illustrate the topic, the paper provides the 1995 case of McKennon versus Nashville Banner, wherein the Supreme Court made its determination about after-acquired evidence. The paper also examines civil rights laws such as Title VII and the ADEA, that are aimed at reducing discrimination in employment practices.

From the Paper
"For years the circuit courts had been disputing whether or not, 'in an employment discrimination case, evidence of employee wrongdoing that was acquired by an employer after a discriminatory discharge could be used in defeating an employee's claim of employer discrimination" under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). The Fourth, Sixth, Eighth and Tenth Circuits maintained that after-acquired evidence was admissible. However, the Third and Eleventh Circuits believed that such evidence could not provide an employer with an affirmative defense to an employment discrimination case. The Seventh Circuit went back and forth between admissibility."

Tags:employee, discrimination, civil, rights

Abstract
This paper explains that nurses can very effectively contribute to the well-being and quality of life for people with AIDS. The author points out that, to be at risk for AIDS, the person first must be at risk for HIV infection or be HIV+. The paper stresses that individuals who have unprotected sex with multiple partners and any substance abusers especially injection drug users are at risk. The author relates that the symptoms of AIDS normally result from HIV infection but also can develop as a result of associated infections and the side effects of medication. The paper underscores that the assessment of the patient with AIDS must include all domains including psychological and spiritual aspects. The author concludes that, once the symptoms are identified, they can be effectively managed so that well-being, functional status and compliance with therapy is enhanced thus increasing the patient's chances for survival.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Population at Risk
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
What Would You Assess?
Abnormal Results Indicating AIDS
Common Diagnostic Tests and Result Confirming Aids
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The screening test for HIV is the HIV ELISA or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. This test comprises an antibody detection process assay that, if positive, must be repeated. The test will deliver false positive results under certain conditions as when the patient has had a recent vaccination or has other viral infections. When results are positive, the ELISA test is repeated and confirmed by using a Western Blot test. The HIV ELISA and Western Blot tests, when performed in combination, are marked by 99 percent sensitivity and specificity for detecting the HIV virus."

Tags:intercourse, vertical, immune, self-care, medication

Abstract
This paper examines the literature concerning the hypothesis that the consolidated standards provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (CMS/JCAHO) on the subject of proper antibiotic selection for sufferers of community-acquired pneumonia are the most optimal standards available.

From the Paper
"According the website for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the guidelines provided by the program demand a considerable intensification of stringency for the diagnosis of microorganism behaviors in the treatment of CAP patients as well as in the specification of antibiotic identification methods to be used with a central focus. (CMS, 1) This means that participating hospital facilities and medical association must address procedural gaps between guidelines and previous standards in order to adhere to the collective standards now considered relevant. The gaps present at the time of the initiation of these guidelines illustrate the positive transition toward greater specificity and diagnostic effort being impressed upon all facilities and agencies in question. It is clear through comparative examination that the new consolidated CMS/JCAHO guidelines are an appropriate response to the need for more accurate design in the application of favored antibiotic treatment programs. "

Tags:standards, antibiotics

Abstract
This paper defines what AIDS is and how AIDS develops, dispelling the myths surrounding the disease. It shows the three main zones where AIDS proliferates and the main types of people it affects. It looks at AIDS from a sociological perspective, with the 'victims' of AIDS being located within societal pressures and confines, showing that society is a part of the problem and therefore needs to also be a part of the solution.

From the Paper
"The World Health Organization distinguishes three zones and patterns of infection; Asia, which is now the principal growth area of infection; the African continent (site of the initial discovery, and where transmission is primarily heterosexual in form); and industrialized Western nations (where an epidemic started in the 1980s, with infection primarily transmitted by homosexual intercourse and intravenous drug needle-sharing). In 1996 it was estimated that 30 million people were infected by HIV and 10 million people were living with AIDS. "

Tags:drug, gay, hiv, homosexual, immune, karposi, pneumocystis, sexual

From the Paper
"In the United States, the incidence of community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) is estimated to be between three and four million cases each year (2). It is the sixth most important cause of death, and the estimated cost of treatment, including patient care and lost wages, is $20 billion per year (4, 10). Treatment of pneumonia represents the largest consumption of antibiotics of all the diseases for which they are used. The disease is most prevalent in hospitalized patients, the elderly, and patients with compromised immune systems (e.g. AIDS patients). This paper will look at the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment, and complications of pneumonia.

Epidemiology
Pneumonia is defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma (6:1S). Pneumonia is now the leading cause of death due to ..."

Abstract
On April 2, 2007, the City of Toronto acquired the Green Lane Landfill. The landfill was taken on in order to secure the city's long-term disposal requirements for future decades (City of Toronto, 2008). The landfill was also acquired as part of foresight, as the city's existing Michigan Landfill disposal contract is set to expire in 2010 or earlier (City of Toronto, 2008).

From the Paper
The Green Lane Landfill Introduction The present paper is an investigation into the Green Lane Landfill in the City of Toronto, and the risks associated with the facility. After researching the background on the landfill, the paper explores public and political uproar in response to the development, which indicate the wide array of risks involved in the project. The paper then examines in further detail the risks associated with Green Lane and ends by looking at alternative solutions to Toronto's waste problem. My personal conclusion is drawn that the Green Lane Landfill is not in the best interests of the

Tags:green, lane, landfill

Abstract
This paper discusses the many uses of stem cells, especially in the area of juvenile diabetes, Parkinson's disease and cell regeneration. This paper explains how the fertilized human egg develops into stem cells and their various biological sources and how they are acquired for use in research, including the NIH guidelines. The author believes that stem cell research is so new that the scientists can only guess at what it will be able to achieve as well as what it will not be able to do.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquisition of Stem Cells
Opposition to Stem Cells Research
Limitations of Stem Cells Research
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Early research into the use of stem cells focused on two separate approaches. One involved the "control of gene expression", or determining when genes were active or inactive. The other involved the generation or new cells. Some recent research has combined the two approaches, looking at the possibility that gene manipulation could be combined with cell growth, further broadening the potential applications for gene therapy."

Tags:acquisition, opposition, limitation, replacement, therapy

Abstract
Examines differing concepts of the rationalist and the empiricist theorists on how language is acquired. Compares the two approaches as applied to children's first language acquisition. The minds of young children. Structure-oriented & process-oriented groups. Environmental factors. Social interaction vs. cognitive theories. Semantic learning characteristics. Current research.

From the Paper
"The fierce debate between the rationalist and the empiricist theorists on the issue of language acquisition has captured the imagination of the linguistic world for decades. Even though each group has produced results that contribute to the research on language acquisition, the complete process of language acquisition still remains a mystery. While the rationalists' concept of specific language mechanisms in the brain has prevailed for many years, new research by connectionist theorists has tilted the balance towards the empiricists' approach.
In this paper, the two competing approaches will be examined and compared in detail. Their application in children's discourse will be explored to assess their validity. Finally, the work..."

Tags:Empiricist