Abstract This paper examines how there are many different responses to colonialism and how armed resistance, acquiescence or compliance, and modernization are the three most commonly observed in situations where one nation imposes on the land and people of another. It looks at how the Philippines-American War of 1899 is an example of armed resistance against colonialism by the people of America, how British imperialism and colonialism in India can be described as an acquiescent relationship, and how the U.S influenced Japan through modernization.
From the Paper "Britain justified expansion of their territory in India on the grounds that Indians needed "civilization" and a reliable system of justice and law (Davies, 2003). Many have described the relationship that Britain had with India as "paternal" in nature, where British government acted as a ruling or authority figure to guide cultural and societal values (Davies, 2003). Though there was some resistance and personal opposition amongst the people of India who often felt that they were second class citizens, for the most part many accepted the idea of what Britain promised as "equality of opportunity" for all it's citizens (Davies, 2003)."
Abstract The paper explores aspects of the black experience in Martin Luther King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and the "Battle Royal" section of Ralph Ellison's novel "The Invisible Man". The paper discusses the authors' portrayal of a black man recognizing and responding to the slights and discrimination in American life. The paper describes how King and Ellison raise questions about how acquiescent many blacks are when faced with injustice.
From the Paper "King wrote his letter while he was in the Birmingham city jail where he had been arrested for demonstrating for civil rights. In the letter, he writes to other clergymen who had been critical of his actions. King states in his letter that he intends to answer his critics because "I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth" (King 114). King speaks directly to the clergymen referred to in the opening of the letter, and after this he uses the pronoun "you" to assure the readers that he is speaking directly to them and to their concerns."
Abstract This paper critiques the Albert Camus novel, "The Outsider". Drawing from extensive quotes from the book, the author explains how Camus paints the portrait of a man who stands apart from his society and from himself. Meursault is incapable of acquiescing to the norms of society; this is why society puts him to death.
From the Paper "In Albert Camus' novel, The Outsider, Meursault is outside of both his internal self and his society. He lives for the simple, sensual pleasures of life, but has no understanding of the inherent value of his life. In that sense, then, Meursault begins the novel outside, or a stranger to the most basic part of his existence. It is only at the end of the book that Meursault transcends the simple sensuality of his experience. Camus uses Meursault's honesty as a foil to illustrate the empty social conventions and morality of society. It is Meursault's total sincerity and inability to concede to society's norms that makes him an outsider to society."
Studies the masochistic bases of female sexuality from a psychoanalytic point of view, as medieval writer Geoffrey Chaucer presents it in his work, "Legend of Good Women".
Abstract The paper looks at the way in which female desire and sexuality as a whole have been presented in the "Legend of Good Women". The paper explores the masochistic bases of female sexuality as a theme in Chaucer's "Legend of Good Women". Further questions arise in relation to the portrayal of female sexuality in Chaucer's work. The dissertation explores Chaucer's stance as presented in his piece, relates it to the (misogynist) medieval culture, and evaluates its reliability through a feminist-psychoanalytic reading of the text.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Anatomy as Destiny: Acquiescence and/or Resistance
Pre-oedipal Stages of Development
Phallus
Taking up or Rejecting Gender Roles & Identities
'Women Desiren to have Sovereyntee'
Ambiguities in Female Sexuality
Silence, Secrecy & Suffering
When Sex is Synonymous to Danger & Fear
'Sex Trade'
The Weaker Sex?
Conclusion: Orgasmic Deaths - Masochism at its Peak
From the Paper "The tension between sexual danger and sexual pleasure is a powerful one in women's lives. Sexuality is simultaneously a domain of restriction, repression, and danger as well as a domain of exploration, pleasure, and agency. To focus only on pleasure and gratification ignores the patriarchal structure in which women act, yet to speak only of sexual violence and oppression ignores women's experience with sexual agency and choice and unwittingly increases the sexual terror and despair in which women live. ... The juxtaposition of pleasure and danger ... [is] an ongoing subject in the lives of individual women who must weigh the pleasures of sexuality against its cost in their daily calculations, choices, and acts.' Entangled in this web of patriarchal constructs, the woman's taking steps towards the reconciliation of the polarities of Desire is not without pain. Not being able to come to terms with the ambivalent nature of her Desire, of Desire in itself, can be even more agonising. In fact, the assertion of female sexual Desire is itself equivalent to standing against patriarchal society and defying its norms; which is not an effortless act. On the other hand, curtailing one's Desire would be to impose restrictions upon oneself, which can often create tensions and anxiety; as Muriel Dimen puts it, 'constraint of desire leads directly to self-betrayal'. Does this suggest that pain and suffering are not inextricable from the woman's experience of negotiating sexuality? Or rather, are these the very elements that lead to fulfilment of female sexual Desire? If this is so, it will not be irrelevant to suggest that female sexuality is extensively based on masochistic tendencies of 'enjoying pain'.
Abstract This paper studies Josip Broz Tito, the main figure of Yugoslavian politics of the 20th century and the leader of this Balkan country for more than 30 years. Considered the founder of the postwar communist Yugoslav federation, Tito played an invaluable role in 20th century Yugoslav history, which this paper examines in depth. The paper focuses particular attention on Tito's refusal to acquiesce se to Stalin's blanket leadership, citing several historical examples of his independence.
From the Paper "Tito's participation in WWII resistance is well-known. "Communist interwar and wartime experience created party organizations in the Balkans that were well-equipped for the resistance struggle, but poorly prepared to exercise real political power after 1945." (Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History Lecture 20: The traditional regimes and the challenge of Communism: Patriotism vs. opportunism). After German troops were defeated Tito took the office of Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In fact he became a real leader of Yugoslavia as he was the most popular political figure in the country. Moreover, his warm relations with victorious Soviet Union and its leader Joseph Stalin on the hand with his guerilla resistance experience caused his great authority both inside and outside Yugoslavia. Early Tito's domestic policy was directed on improving Communists' positions and eliminating political enemies such as royalists and local profascists. Very soon his rule became dictatorial as his party (Yugoslav Communist Party) won elections under unequal conditions; many of his political opponents were assassinated or incarcerated by the secret police. Also Tito provided internationalist policy to reunify the country as there were too many nationalistic movements in all Yugoslav republics especially in Catholic and Muslim regions (Kosovo and Croatia). Ultimately these measures had a success and he managed consolidating the federation which was the main goal of all peoples of multinational Yugoslavia."
Abstract The paper examines how the Holocaust in Hungary was made possible by the active collaboration of the Hungarian government and the acquiescence of a large number of Hungarian people. The paper explores the topic of how and why the tragedy took place in a country in which the Jewish people had been supposedly "emancipated" less than half a century ago, a subject that has perplexed and fascinated many historians. The paper discusses the background of the Holocaust in Hungary by tracing the history of Jews; the events leading to their prosecution and ultimate extermination; and how the actual killings took place.
Outline:
Background
The Pre-Holocaust Killings
The Hungarian Holocaust Begins
The Reasons
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Most of the Jews who migrated to Europe were farmers and merchants who preserved their ethnic identity by keeping to themselves. The early Christian church condemned the Jews as Christ-killers which further isolated them and sowed the seeds of virulent anti-Semitism. Christianity forbade usury, i.e., the lending of money on interest; hence the Jewish merchants in Europe filled the gap by becoming "money lenders." It was a profitable role but it also invited envy and hatred. During periods of stress such as the Crusades or the Plague, the hatred turned into large-scale violent attacks on the Jews ."
Abstract This paper examines how the existence of the Cold War had many effects on liberal democratic states and also affected to a degree the way in which democracy was, and continues to be, understood in these states. The paper explains that this includes the United States, which in some ways has come to see democracy as a given that more and more people have been willing to give up aspects of a democratic state in the face of a threat, as has been seen in the acquiescence of the people to a variety of intrusions on their democratic rights since 9-11. The paper also discusses how the success of democracy in the Cold War should have solidified that political ideology as to be preferred, but its very success seems to have opened it to new threats from within. In conclusion, the paper shows that more and more, liberal democracies are defining themselves in terms of collective security over individual preference, and this signals a profound shift in thought that only makes the future more uncertain.
From the Paper "Schlesinger says that America in the past has stood as an example of a federal, multi-ethnic society that worked, but he seems to believe that this is no longer the case. The U.S. has worked because it has been able to offer answers to the question of what reasons are there for different ethnic groups to see themselves as part of the same nation. Schlesinger now sees an eruption of ethnicity in America, which may have many good consequences, but which he also believes has many bad consequences."
Tags: autonomy, terrorism, politics, America, security, Cold, War
Abstract This paper analyzes and contrasts two sonnets written respectively by the British WWI poets Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon: "The Soldier" and "Dreamers". The writer discusses how both poets modified the traditional structure of the sonnet to accomplish their poetic ends. Brooke's poem is elegiac in tone, focusing on national identity and acquiescing in death as a doorway to eternity, while Sassoon's is a bitter and ironic protest against the injustice and inhumanities of war.
From the Paper "Sassoon writes in a voice of protest, not acquiescence, unlike Brooke, despite his use of the sonnet form. "Dreamers" begins with a striking image, the image of soldiers going off to war, presumably by train to the front lines, rather than in the middle of an internalized thought like Brooke's poem. Brooke's poem focuses on an individual soldier who will be remembered, Sassoon's the vast, nameless masses of men who will die and be forgotten. Some of Sassoon's dreamers are good, some are bad, all have different problems and jealous conflicts at home, but they are in the process of being blended into one in the form of a purposeless army whose cause they can little understand."
Abstract The paper questions whether the American invasion was an example of realism i.e. a reaction to actual international circumstances and domestic needs, or of constructivism in the name of fostering democratic and humanitarian ideals. The paper argues that this war has been a jumble of realist and constructivist ideas, with the Bush Administration changing its justifications for invading Iraq. The paper asserts that President George W. Bush and his administration have largely framed the need for war and its "successes" in terms of hoped-for visions of an Americanized Iraq and Middle East. The paper discusses Bush's dream for an Iraq that would be favorable to American business and which would peacefully acquiesce to America's security needs. The paper looks at Bush's democracy promotion agenda and claims that it failed to take into account the real conditions and hopes of the men and women on the ground.
From the Paper "The Iraq War looms as one of the great international relations questions of our times. In March 2003, the United States invaded the sovereign nation of Iraq based on what it claimed were threats from Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction, the presence of Islamist terrorists on Iraqi soil, and similar threats to American security and general world peace and stability. In the aftermath of that invasion, the Iraq Study Group and various other investigators showed that Iraq had not possessed any such weapons, that there had been no terrorist presence in that country, and that virtually all of the other reasons given for the invasion had been false. The United States government blamed faulty pre-war intelligence and quickly shifted its justification for invasion to the changed circumstances of a post-9/11 world. In such a world, according to President George W. Bush, Vice Present Dick Cheney, and others, Saddam Hussein and his totalitarian regime represented an existential "gathering threat" to the United States and its friends and allies."
Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between gender and conformity. It explores those norms that individuals are being directed to acquiesce to and looks at how the level of compliance varies within gender roles. It also investigates how this conformity to roles leads to an subsequently interrelated tendency towards stereotyping for both genders in the workplace as well as in society at large.
From the Paper "Here we observe the creation of a self-fulfilling social and marketplace prophecy for men and women. They appear to be based partly on societal constraints that individuals conform to regarding their gender and partly on some biological and evolutionary inheritance that is innate within the different sexes. While some studies have fond that women conform more easily than men, other studies have found that this can very within the situational context. In a sense we can see as regards conformity and gender that what men and women really do is vary in the type of interdependence they require from each given situation. Men often seem more concerned about their relationship with the larger group while women often seem to worry more about close friends and familial relationships. This can certainly set the course for conformity as related to gender and create some broad strokes of findings as far as the research states, but looking at things on an individual basis certainly there is a wide variance of conformity and non-conformity on a individual case by case level."
Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of passive support of international terrorism from a legal standpoint. It questions whether there is any normative ground to assess the relationship between terrorist organizations and their harbor states. The paper contends that there is a close relationship between the principle of territorial sovereignty and an international obligation to deny passive support, including both an obligation of due diligence and a proactive duty to prevent international terrorist acts.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Passive Support Motivations
Domestic Politics
Types of Passive Support
Acquiescence, Connivance, and Collusion
Encouraging and Tolerating
Toleration and Inaction
Some Concluding Observations
Territorial Sovereignty and Obligation to Deny Passive Support
Sovereign Integrity and the Due Diligence Obligation
The Attribution of Knowledge
Duty to Act and Prevent
Conclusions
From the Paper "The relationship between the principle of territorial sovereignty and an international obligation to deny passive support may be appraised in the light of at least two different legal obligations: the obligation of due diligence and the proactive duty to prevent international terrorist acts. In both cases, the attribution of knowledge may be critical in establishing the link between international terrorist organizations and their host states. The main criterion to attribute knowledge, as was established in the Corfu Channel case, is clear evidence that the same state knew or ought to have known. The evidence could also be indirect, proved, for example, by official notes. Applying this criterion to hold passive sponsors responsible for the failure to act in due diligence and prevent terrorist acts, however, may not answer the question of whether the argument of self-defense is lawful. As was discussed above, the legality of the argument of self-defense will instead depend on the normative framework of the use of force. Nevertheless, establishing a clear link between terrorist organizations and their host states may influence the way the international community will respond to the argument of self-defense against states that harbor international terrorist organizations."
Abstract The paper shows how Gloria Anzaldua's essay, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue," illustrates her refusal to reject her own heritage simply for the sake of belonging. The paper focuses on Anzaldua's anecdote of a traumatizing experience in a dentist's office and explains how it illustrates the myriad social injustices she and her fellow Hispanics endure in an intolerant society. The paper examines her fiery, confrontational language that shows how she fights against her people's feelings of self-loathing and acquiescence to American culture.
From the Paper "Anzaldua sets the first half of the introductory passage in a dentist's office. Her choice of setting amplifies the passage's rhetorical potency. The dentist's office is a place where people generally feel uncomfortable and tense because of the pain many endure there. Likewise, Anzaldua felt uncomfortable and tense in America because of the emotional pain from cultural rejection. She begins her essay with a command, "We're going to have to control your tongue," to emphasize the intense level of force and vigor being exerted upon her so suddenly (Anzaldua 128). The fact that the dentist does not give her any pleasant greetings, such as "hi, how are you doing" accelerates the pace and urgency of the passage. Instead of saying, "I'm going to have to control your tongue" to represent the dentist's actions, the passage instead states, "We're going to have to control your tongue" (128). The decision to use a plural first person, instead of a singular first person point of view, reveals Anzaldua's belief that the dentist was not the only one attempting to control her tongue."
