Abstract This paper discusses male honor codes in ancient Greek society, focusing on seven areas-- prowess in battle, to be able to speak eloquently and convincingly, to honor duty to family and townspeople, to be kind to supplicants, to honor the gods, to be loyal to friends and fellow soldiers and to be recognized as an honorable warrior both through material and non-material acknowledgment.
From the Paper "The code of honor that the warriors of the Illiad lived by was complex and oftentimes contradictory. The rules of male honor in the Greek society portrayed in the poem required a man to have prowess in battle, to be able to speak eloquently and convincingly, to honor his duty to his family and townspeople, to be kind to supplicants, to honor the gods, to be loyal to friends and fellow soldiers and to be recognized as an honorable warrior both through material and non-material acknowledgment. These seven characteristics are not an exhaustive list of the qualities expected from a Greek man, but I believe them to be the most significant in relation to the Illiad. I will outline the Greek warrior code using examples from the Illiad and I will then discuss Achilleus? responses to the expectations that the honor code placed upon him. The code of honor in the Illiad is by no means simple and I will explore its complexity and the possible critique that the poem has of this honor code."
Abstract Although the movement is still small, there has been recognition that multicultural factors impact the therapeutic process and that acknowledgment of differing values and perspectives is important in devising interventions that work. This paper looks specifically at the elderly Hispanic population and the kinds of clinical issues and interventions that might be effective with these individuals. The paper discusses types of therapeutic interventions and possible psychotherapy approaches to the elderly Hispanic population.
From the Paper "One interesting framework is provided by Breunlin et al. (1992) in relationship to family therapy approaches. They impose a multicultural metaframework on the family systems approach that acknowledges the importance of the sociocultural contexts of families. According to the authors, these create formative values that impact interaction with the therapist, and with the therapist's values. Some of the important elements in their system include gaining an understanding of the cultural transition, historical/generational sequences, immigration and acculturation, economics, education, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, race, and regional background. All of these, according to them, contribute to a specific multicultural context that impacts the therapeutic process in family systems therapy. In order for therapy to be most effective, therapists need to be aware of these factors, and it helps for there to be a cultural fit between the family and the therapist. At a minimum, they recommend assessing the family's multicultural context in planing interventions which take into account its evolving circumstances."
Abstract This essay develops an understanding of the struggles that were faced by Loyalist women and the contributions that they made nonetheless. It develops the argument that these women were not properly acknowledged by historians and deserve far more respect for their endless troubles and efforts than what they have received.
From the Paper "After the American Revolution, Americans had traditionally viewed the Loyalists as stiff-necked Tories, who were rich, greedy, self-interested, and remained loyal only for personal gain.1 However, portraits of the white Ontario Loyalists entirely contradicted the American stereotype. They say that the loyalists enjoyed neither wealth nor privilege.2 The only people who experienced more difficulties than the Loyalist group, itself, were loyalist women, who faced inequality and discrimination as an everyday part of their lives. Because many women had been raised with stern father-figures and came from conservative families, they had a strong sense of respecting authority and were socially conservative.3 Women did not decide to become a Loyalist or a Patriot, they merely followed their leaders and stood by their families under the given circumstances."
Abstract This paper presents the problem that organized bereavement acknowledgement, like that automatically given United States military personnel and their families upon the death of a loved one, is currently not offered, in any equivalent way, to federal employees outside the military, including those federal workers who, like military personnel, regularly place their lives in danger in service to the United States. The paper contends that the most tragic time in any person's life comes with the loss of a loved one, and therefore, federal agencies and their leaders should create the bereavement policies and accommodations that are currently lacking for non-military federal personnel. The paper explains that such future policies would offer comfort and support to bereaved personnel and their families in their time of greatest loss and sadness by adopting specific bereavement policies and procedures equivalent to those of the military and, in their own way, appropriate to the particular government agency or entity.
From the Paper "The military alone has a host of regulations regarding its funeral procedures. When military personnel pass, there are both federal laws and formal procedures in place to acknowledge their loss and their contributions (38 U.S.C. 112). Two military officers are sent to the funeral; taps is played, often a 21-gun salute is given; a flag is given to the closest survivor; and even a certificate, signed by the President, is given to the family. Conversely, however, the federal government as a whole currently has no laws or policies whatsoever in place to acknowledge a similar passing of a federal employee. The federal government does authorize use of sick leave to attend a family member's funeral, and procedures are delineated for funerals of law enforcement officers, relatives in the armed services, and veterans, although not for any other federal employees."
Abstract This paper explains that an effective way of increasing productivity and profit from any particular department of a company is communication through project team meetings which, when conducted effectively, provide an opportunity to disseminate information and to track the progress of the team. The author points out that the problems with actively implementing these meetings are lack of participation, preparation, connecting, and acknowledgment or appreciation. The paper relates that the team leader or manager can enable the success of leading an effective team meeting by satisfying its objectives and its participants.
From the Paper "The work of the project, the evaluation and numerous other tasks will be conducted by team members outside of the meetings. The dissemination of results and the agreement on forward actions will take place in the team meetings. Although its sounds easy enough most companies struggle to adequately inform all concerned parties, unless that person is directly involved on a specific project. The project manager must ensure that all meetings are effectively planned, run and recorded."
Abstract This paper explains that stereotypes have existed since the dawn of time; since man was first able to become a member of a group or society, man has had a tendency to conjure negative associations of people that were 'outsiders' or not members of their own society. The author points out that social psychologists have suggested that man's tendency to judge members of groups that are different from ones own is unconscious, which leads to the belief that stereotyping is behavior that is inevitable. The paper offers several steps to reduce the likelihood of stereotyping: (1) Acknowledge fears and tendencies to be prejudge towards others (2) remember that members of outside groups are unique individuals and (3) evaluate from where judgments and perceptions about a particular person or group of people come.
From the Paper "It is important to note that not all stereotypes are considered negative, but many are misleading,too general and inflexible to offer an accurate assessment of a group or members of a group. Even if a stereotype is considered positive, it allows misconceptions of a particular person or groups of people, and any assumptions or misperceptions of a particular group can be harmful or damaging over time. Most social psychologists agree that stereotyping is overall negative because it is harmful to human relational processes. It often leads to false beliefs and assumptions about other groups."
Abstract This essay argues that immigrants must often exploit or live off certain aspects of their culture, turn them into products and then successfully sell these products to Canadian society in order to become visible; to be acknowledged on any real level. These products or commodities may be of the immigrants own invention, but most likely are based on a perception of the dominant culture.
From the Paper "Despite the widely held notion that Canada is a cultural mosaic comprised of a colorful variety of folks who readily engage in an equal sharing of culture as part of being Canadian; it seems that in reality only those with desirable cultural products are fully able to participate. On deeper analysis it is those who are most successful at selling their culture that succeed in raising their visibility in this mosaic. Still, this cultural visibility has little to do with real culture and is often mere fragments; products removed from their original context, but which appeal to the masses as popular culture."
Abstract This paper examines the story of Nat Turner's rebellion and its effect on slave resistance. The paper explains that Turner's story is significant because it meant different things for many people in America. For blacks, Turner was a symbol of hope and resistance, and to Southern whites, he represented their greatest fear, that the oppressed blacks would not tolerate their conditions much longer. The paper looks at how Turner's "confession" helped to galvanize the anti-slavery movement in the North. The paper then points out that it is important that Americans acknowledge the slave rebellions because they meant so many different things to many different people. The paper also suggests that knowing that slaves fought courageously for their natural rights might inspire modern-day African Americans and replace some of the defeatist attitude that is evident in some black cultures. It would also make white America acknowledge their sins of the past and come to terms with them. The writer believes that by understanding and acknowledging America's dark past, the country can make a better effort to atone for the mistakes of the past by helping many African Americans bring their standard of living up to that of other American ethnic groups.
From the Paper "Before he died, he told his story to Thomas Gray, who turned it into the book, "The Confessions of Nat Turner". Gray manipulated much of Turner's story to portray the rebellious slaves not as people pushed to their limits and fighting for their natural rights, but as savages bent on bloodthirsty revenge. This story sent shockwaves throughout the divided country. Many Southerners used it as justification to commit violent crimes against blacks and to enforce stricter slavery laws."
Turner's story is significant because it meant different things for many people in America. For blacks, Turner was a symbol of hope and resistance. He was a spiritual man who was doing what God had told him to do. To Southern whites, he represented their greatest fear, that the oppressed blacks would not tolerate their conditions much longer. His "confession" helped to galvanize the anti-slavery movement in the North."
Abstract This paper examines Sermon 39, given by evangelist John Wesley on the "Catholic" and "spirit" of Christianity. The paper explains that, in his sermon, Wesley openly acknowledged that there were certain opinions professing Christians differed upon, even though all Christians believed they were participants in the same tradition. The paper then points out that Wesley acknowledges the ability of true Christians to differ on aspects of opinion and doctrine. The paper also explains that Wesley stated in his sermon that Christians could have legitimate differences of opinion regarding the nature of church governance, although all Christians, he believed, must acknowledge the need to participate in a church community. The paper then looks at how Wesley believes in the value of the practice of infant baptism but urged a listener of a different doctrinal persuasion to follow according to conscience. In conclusion, the paper shows that all affirmations of Christian love are the underlying ideals of Wesley's philosophy. The church must be governed, in his view, according to a set of rules and structured around certain opinions, which Wesley thinks is better than the entirely spontaneous and free method of running services, but this specificity must not be used as a way of alienating other Christians, or for the purpose of invalidating the Christian sincerity of others.
From the Paper " Wesley, in keeping with the Episcopal apostolic view, believed in the virtue of drinking wine, and eating of bread during service in replication of the Lord's actions, while noting that other Christians disputed the taking of spirits in replication of the Last Supper or observing Mass. But church government, infant baptism, directed versus spontaneous prayer, and the taking of the Host were ultimately "smaller points" and should not interfere with the unity of Christian mission and love (II.2). No opinion, however dearly held, should act as a barrier between Christians in their quest for loving unity."
Abstract This essay will argue that this admission of social theory as expert testimony opens the door to an unprecedented degree of subjectivity in legal judgement. While it must be acknowledged that all expert testimony is, to some degree, subjective and open to interpretation and debate, the admission of feminist social theory as expert testimony lowers the bar considerably in terms of standards of evidence. Through an analysis of Mackinnon and Minow, it will be argued that this challenge to the concept of legal neutrality of the liberal state would, when taken to its logical conclusion, permit any number of groups who have historically been persecuted in Western society (Blacks, Aboriginals etc) to claim the right to preemptive self-defense. Building upon this argument, it will be demonstrated - in the course of an analysis of the Lavalee ruling - that this approach to the law is fundamentally flawed. While it is acknowledged that it may seem arrogant on the part of an undergraduate to challenge a ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada, I will nonetheless argue that the Court may have been influenced more by political power of an increasingly influential social group than by a rational analysis of the facts in the case. As the editors' "reading questions" at the end of the Lavalee ruling suggest, the Supreme Court's logic is clearly applicable to individuals in other social situations who have a clear and reasonable expectation of imminent violence. However, none of these individuals are granted the "license to kill" that the Supreme Court has established for women in this situation.
Abstract This paper explains that many Christians ask at some time and, for the practice of true faith, should be given answers to questions, such as: Who or what was Jesus Christ? Was he God? Was he human? Is he equal or subordinate to God the Father? Is he separate from God the Father? The author points out that it has been acknowledged that the doctrine of the Trinity does not appear explicitly in the Bible; yet, all branches of Christianity believe in the oneness of God, but vary when it comes to defining the three entities usually referred to as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The paper relates that the data mostly will be collected from reliable theological, historical and philosophical texts and live interviews of various acknowledged experts, including theologians, religious scholars, and representatives of various Churches.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Opening Remarks
The Study to be Conducted
The Value of Doing Such a Study
Statement of the Problem
The Purpose of the Study
The Research Question
The Subsidiary Questions
The Current State of Scholarship in This Area of Research
The Uniqueness of the Study
The Research Design
The Form of Inquiry
The Sources of Data Collection
The Analysis of the Data
The Reporting of the Data
From the Paper "The Nicene Creed was amended and competed in 381 AD and the third Ecumenical council reaffirmed the 381 version, and stated that no further changes could be made to it, nor could other creeds be adopted. Despite the dogmatic proposals of the council however modifications in the Nicene Creed continued as conflicts over terminology arose between the Eastern and western factions of the church. The phrase "and the Son" to describe the structure of the three persons in the Trinity, or the filioque clause as it is known was first added to the the Nicene Creed at a Synod of Toledo in Spain in 451AD. In theory the Western segment of the Church viewed the Holy Spirit as coming from the Father and the Son, but not subordinate to either. The Eastern part thought of the Holy Spirit as coming from the Father through the Son. The dispute contributed to the Great Schism of the Eastern and Western branches in 1054."
This paper discusses the 'passing' of protagonists in F. Scott Fitzgerald?s, "The Great Gatsby", the 1992 cinematic version of John Guare's play, "Six Degrees of Separation", and Nella Larson's 1929 novel, "Passing", reprinted in 2001.
Abstract This paper explains that 'passing' does not necessarily have criminal connotations, as black men and women once "passed" to take advantage of greater social and economic opportunities accorded to whites, as does the protagonist of Nella Larson's 1929 novel, "Passing". The author points out that Guare's Kitteridges would never acknowledge that they are racist, and yet they are, if blackness does not conform to their worldview; and the society of Gatsby would never acknowledge that it is criminal, yet it is, as it consumes illegal alcohol. The paper states that the sense of class in American society, like the sense of race, is still fragile enough that these protagonists can fully become a part of its fabric.
From the Paper "The introduction of Gatsby and Paul to these societies thus makes the hidden hypocrisies of class and race respectively evident and uncomfortably present upon the surfaces of these surface-conscious societies. Of course, strictly speaking neither Paul nor even Gatsby are "passing" in the traditionally understood racial sense of the Harlem Renaissance or the antebellum South. The true definition, one might contend of 'passing' is to pass for white, not to pretend one is Sidney Poiter's son nor that one is of a higher class than one was born to in New York Roaring 20's society. "Passing" is usually understood to be "passing" for the light skin tone of white in the body of a presumably fair-skinned African American."
Abstract This paper explains that the European Union copyright directive, especially as this relates to the music industry, is an attempt at adjustments in intellectual property law; however, it falls short of the all-encompassing clarity required in specific situations, such as certain cases within the music industry, new technological developments, and the Internet. The author points out that the three issues that impact the music industry when mergers between large companies are considered, in terms of competition law, are the gatekeeper, the source, and the path issues. The paper relates that warnings to the effect that piracy protection devices could lead to damaged equipment should be issued not only as a deterrent, but also as a courtesy and acknowledgement of the rights of the public; the industry should acknowledge that users more often than not make copies of discs for their own personal use, not for the purpose of profit.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Changing Music Industry and EU Competition Law
The Gatekeeper Issue
The Source Issue
The Path Issue
Problems Associated with the EU Copyright Directive
Copyright Laws and the Digital Age
The Repercussions of the Copyright Directive
Technological Advance and Legislation
Conclusion
From the Paper "Although the purpose of the Directive is repeatedly stated as increasing legal certainty, the opposite is actually the case. Although this article is meant to reconcile rights owners and their interest with the interest of users, the vagueness of the article does not appear to ensure the rights of anybody. Indeed, there appears to be an increased amount of uncertainty as opposed to the idealized certainty in the initial goal. Indeed, the legislation and its exceptions appear to create a singular amount of opportunities for abuse and misinterpretation. Furthermore there is a list of no less than 20 exceptions to the copyright law. Adding to the confusion, these exceptions are furthermore optional rather than mandatory, allowing Member States to pick and choose which to implement and which to discard."
Abstract This paper explains that the need for multicultural competencies development among school counseling professionals has been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association and the American Counseling Association, whose ethnic standards dictate that school counselors should achieve a certain level of multicultural competence prior to embarking on a professional career in student counseling. The author points out that, despite the acknowledgment of a need for increased awareness and training to ensure a positive student/counselor relationship, there is little evidence that much is being done to establish a core set of standardized competencies for student counselors. The paper stresses that minority students may be less likely than other students to seek out assistance from counselors; therefore, student counselors might consider a more aggressive approach to ensure they can provide culturally relevant services.
Table of Contents
Introduction
School Counseling in a Multicultural Society
Training and Competency
Multiculturalism and Counseling
Analysis/Recommendations
Conclusions
From the Paper "Diversity is more and more considered a critical element of education and school counseling programs in an ever more multicultural society. The term has been used to describe existing variables including cultural differences and beliefs that exist among populations whose personal experiences are generally considered different from those of the majority or 'norm'. Counseling a diverse student population is among the challenges that professional school counselors now face. Diversification of communities has resulted in a need for new core competencies to be developed among school counseling professionals that includes instruction geared toward working with people who have norms, values and personal views that are different from those of the majority population."
Abstract This paper explains that, unlike the previous belief that defined a singular I.Q., the Multiple Intelligence Theory proposes that people use at least seven (7) relatively autonomous intellectual capacities which are linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intra-personal intelligences; these intelligences do not develop equally or at the same rate. The author points out that without the critical factor of acknowledgement of multiple intelligences in the first-grade classroom and that without this being acknowledged, the students in the first-grade classroom may be mislabeled and get off on their educational journey on the wrong foot thereby affecting them permanently in terms of their development. The paper relates that the four factors in educational reform within the theoretical base of multiple intelligences are (1) assessment (2) curriculum (3) teacher education and (4) community participation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Background of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Limitations of the Study
Definitions and Terms
Literature Review
Summary
From the Paper "Gaining an understanding in multiple intelligences assists students in gaining self-understanding as well as gaining an understanding of others personally, interpersonally, professionally and culturally. Another consideration is that the assignation of intelligence is different from one culture to another. For example while one culture holds that linguistic intelligence is more vital another culture may hold that logical or spatial intelligence is superior. Integration of learning styles is a challenge in the classroom and requires that the teacher assist the students in finding each his or her own identity through their own unique assets and strengths toward successful learning."
