Abstract
This paper examines how during his reign, the medieval emperor Charlemagne came to dominate Europe and create an empire of a scale not seen since classical times. It looks at how he created a renaissance of learning, the arts and culture in Europe. It analyzes how the empire was achieved through a number of important military victories and how after the death of Charlemagne it became quickly divided and fragmented. It puts forward the argument that his educational and cultural achievements were greater and more durable than his military and political achievements even though his educational and cultural achievements were often fundamentally dependent on or instrumental in his military and political coups.

From the Paper
"Charlemagne instilled a great deal of importance in historical texts. He realized the importance of annals and other historical texts in creating a sense of history and of collective national identity. It was very important to build up texts of the history of the Carolingians as part of the empire's pursuit of legitimacy. An example of an historical text which had a clear political impact and related strongly to Charlemagne's military achievements was Paul the Deacon's "Hisotira Langobardorum". This was a history of Lombardy. According to Mckitterick this history was "an active contribution to the shaping of Frankish and Lombard relations." This work actively portrayed the Carolingians as natural heirs to Lombardy."

Tags:arts, christendom, conquest, emperor, king, medieval

Abstract
This paper discusses Harry S. Truman's life, as well as his history as a politician. The paper provides a background to his life, but focuses on his achievements as President of the United States. It also discusses Truman's first notable act as President, which was also his most notorious - the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. In addition, the paper describes Truman's other achievements and focuses on the challenges that he had to overcome as president.

From the Paper
"Arthur Schlesinger Sr., the Harvard historian, was noted for (among other accomplishments) his polling of other historians and scholars in order to arrive at a list of "rankings" or ratings of the greatest Presidents in United States history; he conducted such polls in 1948 and again in 1962. His son, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., has followed in the footsteps of his father by conducting an updated poll in 1996. While some critics have noted that the great variance in presidential ranking polls may suggest that they are more subjective than objective (cf. Dean), Schlesinger's placement of Truman at number seven on his list of greatest Presidents may well be a testimony to the difficulties that Truman had to overcome during his two terms in office, and his strong personal intention to do what was necessary to get the country back on a peacetime footing in the face of a brewing Cold War (Schlesinger 179.) Given the subjective nature of such polls, there is no guarantee that Truman will remain in this position in future polls, as history has a way of being reinterpreted and placed into new contexts as new information comes to the surface with the passing of years; as a result, new and fuller perspectives may be expected to arise."

Tags:atomic bomb, politician, vice president, Roosevelt

Abstract
This paper discusses how the ancient Egyptians have given us a colorful and descriptive insight into their lives and culture and how, over a period of 3,000 years, they recorded and documented their incredible achievements. The paper also examines how, from the immense construction projects, such as the pyramids, to their two dimensional artwork, we have been able to discover and learn about this fascinating and innovative civilization. The paper concludes that Ancient Egypt, through incredible architecture, elegant art and sculpture, and medical and mathematical advances, truly achieved its divine goal of immortality.

From the Paper
"The mastering of irrigation was the key to life. Each summer, rains from Africa caused the waters of the Nile to rise and temporarily flood the land, depositing a new layer of rich silt - ideal for growing crops. The Egyptians hoped the waters would rise high enough to ensure irrigation (Ana Ruiz, 8). Irrigation canals, ditches, and back breaking labor were required to bring the life-giving water into the desert (Matthews and Platt, 17). The Egyptians learned to control the flood waters of the Nile, draining swamps and harvesting crops (Professor Weber, The Western Tradition, "The Ancient Egyptians).
"A system of water control explains the early degree of social organization. They followed the rules or were denied water (Professor Weber, The Western Tradition, "The Ancient Egyptians). As stated by John A. Wilson, "large scale irrigation requires a common effort, binding together different communities, and is a factor promoting the growth of a state (John A. Wilson, 10).
"

Tags:pyramids, Nile, irrigation, agricultural, village

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an overview of the California English Language Development Test (CELDT) that was implemented in 2001. The writer explains that this test deals with achievements in the acquisition of second languages. The writer discusses the effectiveness of the CELDT regarding the evaluation of student achievement.

From the Paper
"The California English Language Development Test (CELDT) was introduced in 2001 and has been used as a benchmark for student achievement in the acquisition of second languages. The CELDT appears to demonstrate effectiveness, and the student scores from 2003 to the present day reflect improvements in language acquisition. Yet when analyzed, the methods and the outcome of the CELDT demonstrate conditional effectiveness in evaluating student achievement. It is necessary to identify and respond to these concerns in order to increase ..."

Tags:language, testing

Abstract
The paper provides a brief biography of Benjamin Franklin's background and then details Franklin's genius in the field of science and his many inventions. The paper devotes considerable time to discussing Franklin's achievements as a peerless American visionary, an economist, a political thinker, a civic scientist, an elderly statesman, revolutionary spymaster, a writer, a man of letters and an ambassador to France. The paper looks at his influence over and motives behind documents such as the Declaration of Independence. Finally, the paper considers Franklin's specific characteristics, such as an aversion to tyranny, humor, humility and tolerance.

Outline:
Short Biography
Controlling Communications in His Time
Rising to Positions of Influence and Prestige and Personal Gains He Made in Each
His Influence Over and Motives Behind these Major Documents
The "Real" Benjamin Franklin

From the Paper
"Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts to Josiah and Abiah Folger (Kelly 2007, the Electric Benjamin Franklin 2007). He had only two years of formal schooling but this handicap did not stop him from making the best out of himself. He first helped his older brother James in the latter's printing press until he decided to seek his own destiny in Philadelphia. Through diligence and wisdom, he evolved into a statesman, inventor, scientist, publisher and a politician. His accomplishments as such were unique in his time when colonial North America did not yet have sufficient cultural and commercial institutions for his original ideas."

Tags:visionary, economist, thinker, civic, scientist, inventions, statesman, revolutionary, spymaster, writer, ambassador

Abstract
This paper discusses the achievements of Bernini Gianlorenzo, who was a superbly talented Baroque sculptor and architect. The paper shows how Bernini's combination of great talent in multiple fields, spirituality and versatility all combined to give him a range and a quality which helped to make his work outstanding. It particularly focuses on his best known work - his marble "Ecstasy of St. Teresa."

From the Paper
"As we have seen, Bernini's combination of great talent in multiple fields, spirituality, and versatility all combined to give him a range and a quality which helped to make him outstanding not only among his peers, but for all time. Moreover, his incredible talent with stone enabled him to give the appearance of life and movement to cold hard marble. To this day, we cannot look at his Ecstasy of St. Teresa without feeling some of the ecstasy, and feeling that we too might one day ascend to commune with God."

Tags:Baroque, skill, creation

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the life of Andrew Jackson. Specifically, it discusses his background and then focuses on his career in American politics. The paper describes Jackson's upbringing and family life and then discusses the events in his life leading up to his presidency and the achievements and controversies that surrounded his term in office.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, Andrew Jackson's life was a life of public service, controversy, and often criticism. He was an honorable and complicated man, who felt it was his duty to serve his country and lead the people who honored and revered him. He was the first "common" man to rise to the presidency, and many experts believe he was the dominant president between Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Biographer Ogg states, "Jackson was, as no President before him, the choice of the masses. His popular vote in 1824 revealed not only his personal popularity but the growing power of the democratic elements in the nation [...]." His political life was varied, and he did not always accomplish his goals, but he was the first president to truly be elected by the people, and he set the framework for honest and loyal government service."

Tags:statesman, attorney general, legislature

Abstract
The paper states that previous research has typically addressed only one or two factors that affect the academic achievements of African-American students. This research proposes addressing the all-encompassing factors after having identified the various factors that do have an effect upon the academic achievement of these specific students.


Outline:
Statement / Background of the Problem
II. Research Design & Theoretical Framework
Setting/Participants
Research Questions
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Significance of the Study

From the Paper
"Qualitative methods have been used in the study of the behavior of humans since the inception of the field of psychology. Theoretical work in recent critical psychology has placed emphasis on the value of qualitative methods while study has been focused on "statistics and scientific objectification" (Fox and Prillentensky, 1997; as cited in Osborne (2001) when other methods may be the most appropriate specifically in the study of structural, culturally affected factors in an organization or educational institution."

Tags:Attainment, focus, racial, barriers, psychology

Abstract
This paper looks at theories and strategies concerning victims of child abuse, neglect or maltreatment and how this affects their academic records.

Abstract
The paper provides a brief biography of Charlemagne and notes the improvements made during his reign to the quality of life in the Middle Ages in Europe. He improved education, helped unify Europe through military conquests and improved architecture.

From the Paper
"During the long period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance almost a thousand years later, referred to as the Dark Ages, Charlemagne is the only bright spot in European history; his is the only commanding presence. During most of this period, barbarians ranged around Europe, Christians made almost no progress against paganism and Western reading and writing were almost extinguished. This grim period, however, was illuminated briefly by Charlemagne and his reign."

Tags:ages, carolingian, dark, medieval, middle, renaissance, buildings, travel, war