Abstract
This paper examines methods whereby US homeowners' debt load can be reduced and ultimately eliminated while building wealth as homeowners. To this end, this paper provides an overview of the current financial situation facing many Americans, followed by an analysis of how some people have approached these dual goals. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Path to Debt Elimination and Wealth Accumulation
Debt-Reduction and Wealth-Accumulation Strategies for the Whittingtons
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"On the one hand, the need for debt elimination strategies is more pronounced today than ever. Many American families that have worked diligently for years now find themselves little better off - or in many cases worse off - than they were a decade ago. In fact, in the United States, almost one-half of the wealth is in the hands of just 3.5 percent of the households, and the majority of the other households do not even approach the upper levels (Stanley & Danko, 1996). In this regard, Reich (2001) reports that, "The dirtiest little secret about the Roaring Nineties is that average working families gained almost no income, while their health care costs soared. From 1986 through 1997 (the latest year for which detailed IRS data are available), the average income of the richest 1 percent of Americans rose 89 percent, to $517,713" (p. 56). During this same period of time, though, the average income of the bottom 90 percent of Americans increase a meager 1.6 percent, to just $23,815 after all federal income taxes were paid (Reich, 2001). At the same time, healthcare costs increased even faster than inflation, a trend that especially affected middle-income Americans families; by the end of the 1990s, fully 44 million Americans lacked health insurance, almost 8 million more than those without health insurance a decade earlier (Reich, 2001). Furthermore, by the end of 1997, even those who were insured paid substantially more, through higher co-payments, deductibles, and premiums (Reich, 2001). Likewise, consumer debt because of credit card use is at an all-time high, and Brown (1999) suggests that, depending on their personal circumstances, consumers should first eliminate this source of debt as a debt-reduction strategy because of the exorbitant interest rates involved: "[Consumers] should carry out an aggressive debt-reduction strategy over the next three to five years in order to eliminate their outstanding debt. Otherwise the interest from their credit cards will erode the profits from any portfolio. Earning 10 percent to 12 percent on your investment portfolio and paying out 18 percent to 21 percent in consumer debt doesn't help you realize a profit on your portfolio, no matter how well you are invested" (Brown, 1999, p. 60)."

Tags:debt, elimination, wealth, accumulation, mortages, retirement, budgeting, homeowners, middle, income

Abstract
This paper examines the concept common to all systems of capitalism, that production should exceed consumption so that the nation's productive capacity is increased. The writer begins with capitalism as a political theory that traces its roots to the 16th century. The paper defines accumulation theory before continuing with an explanation of Laws of Motion in Capitalism and finally providing a set of observations based on the texts and expert opinions.

From the Paper
"The concept of "accumulation" as a political notion gives rise to two basic questions: a) Who should be allowed to accumulate? And b) What should be done with the accumulation? Certain nations, beginning in the 19th century began formulating principles of capital disbursement. Curiously, the man accused of being one of the most prominent enemies of capitalism, Karl Marx, was one of the most astute analysts of Capitalism, both in theory and in fact."

Tags:society, economy, exchange, wealth, nations, prices, cost

From the Paper
Toward a New Theory of "Accumulation" in Multivariate Capitalist Economies
Part 1: Accumulation
One of the primary goals of Capitalism is the accumulation theory. Capitalism, as a political theory, traces its roots to 16th century, although similar theories existed in the ancient world, and pockets of capitalism were present during the later European Middle Ages and during the Tang dynasty in China (Anchordoguy, 1990; Johnson,1993; Murray, 1997; Reisman, 1996).


All of these systems of capitalism shared one concept: production should exceed consumption so that the nation's productive capacity is increased. Adam Smith's Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) saw a necessity..."

Abstract
This paper responds to Mohanty's position on capital accumulation and labour patterns under globalization in relation to course texts assigned. The paper provides some critical analysis, and provides comments on theory versus case study analysis, the lack of prognosis or solution-based research and the implications of always theoretical approaches to similar now world-wide phenomena.

From the Paper
"Chandra Mohanty has provided a now standard analysis of the effects of Globalization as were predictable from the late 1980s in terms of a Modernization approach known to create capital accumulation at the top of an international hierarchy or pyramid, in industrial ventures around the world that create rather an international assembly line benefiting capitalist investors. (1997 3-29) The system works much to the disadvantage of groups at the local level who become attractive in terms..."

Tags:mohanty, crit globalization, labour practices

Abstract
This essay outlines how the ideal of limited government is realized through the Constitutional institution of "separation of powers". The paper describes how the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government are independent of each other through in-built structural barriers. Also explained is why the democratic mandate is more successfully implemented due to these separations of powers. In this regard, the paper describes how the inherent "checks and balances" prevent the undue accumulation of power. Modern challenges posed to the system, such as pressure from the media and the "war on terrorism" are also outlined.

From the Paper
"Of course, the separation of powers is not absolute, and according to James Madison it was not desirable to make it so. He did not deem it healthy to have three arms of government that were antagonistic to each other, because only through cooperation could the ideals of Constitution be realized (Garzik 282). In this sense, for the Constitution to work it is necessary that it be inspirational. Indeed, the United States Constitution is a unique document, inspired by the sublime philosophy of John Locke, and where the natural rights of man are enshrined. Though it does not urge the judges to always judge in favor of the people, and against the institutions, the entire tenor of the Constitution certainly implies this. Therefore, on the whole, it is the philosophical tenor of the constitution that provides the greatest safeguard to the abuse of power."

Tags:Bill of rights, American federal, mass media, founding fathers, democracy, civil liberties

Abstract
This paper explains that numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. The author points out that some of these factors are climate, precipitation, cultivation, degree of irrigation,and altitude. The paper relates that also very significant, especially for tropical and temperate forests, are the measurement standards applied.

From the Paper
"Numerous factors account for variations of global patterns of carbon accumulation. Among those factors are climate, soil texture, soil cultivation, amount of nitrogen in soils, and the interaction of altitude and precipitation. Also very significant especially for tropical and temperate forests are the standards applied; not only do these studies use differing measurements depending on the ecosystem, but variations in measurements must often be used within a single ecosystem because of forest floor diversity (Schlesinger, 1977). One factor is geomorphological and/or hydrological instability in swamp and marsh, especially when edged by tree growth."

Tags:carbon, factors, patterns

Abstract
This paper reveals some of the normative standards for employee benefits through CAPs and profit sharing methods, proven by expert financial planners. The author points out that, in developing portfolios for mutual funds, segregated funds and pension plans, which look at long term investment as a solution for retirement, there is a greater focus on market competitiveness in relation to accumulating a slower, yet more conservative development of investment growth for employees. The paper relates that these approaches are the formats for CAPs and profit sharing plans, which are normative in developing employee benefits within corporate Canadian financial planning systems.

From the Paper
"This financial study examines the Canadian employee benefits that reside within normative regulations for profit sharing and Capital Accumulation Plans (CAP). By reveling how employees can participate in stock shares, financial retirement planning and savings plans, one can divulge the way these benefits are implemented in Canada in current corporate structures. The use of CAPs to help employees within corporate financial policy has been a rising source of benefits in recent times. The use of investments to help build a stock portfolio within benefit plans is the main source of many accumulative' plans to build a future for a particular employee."

Tags:employee, profit, sharing

Abstract
This paper analyzes how human capital accumulation and the development of new products and technology, through investments in R&D, interact in the determination of economic growth by providing incentives for each other.

From the Paper
"By merging these two theoretical frameworks, it is been man's ambition to construct a model of economic growth based on human capital accumulation and R&D which should ideally be able to produce predictions in line with the findings of the empirical growth literature. Empirical studies of economic growth have introduced a variety of explanatory variables to account for cross-country variation in growth performance, e.g. enrolment rates, human capital stock proxies, labor force participation rates, fertility, private and public investment rates, foreign direct investment, equipment investment, revolutions and coups, inflation, black market exchange rate premium, market size, and number of people employed in R&D activities (see e.g. Barro 1991, DeLong and Summers 1991, Backus, Kehoe and Kehoe 1992, Levine and Renelt 1992, Mankiw, Romer, and Weil 1992, and Blomstrom, Lipsey and Zejan 1994). The results from these studies can be summarized in three key areas of importance for growth, namely; human capital, investments, and variables related the business environment."

Tags:relative, returns, investments, endongenous, growth, endowment, savings, gross, domestic, product

From the Paper
" Neo-Marxian theory differs with traditional Marxian theory primarily in its rejection of both economic determinism and the view that individuals play no role in shaping society. In fact, however, as Ritzer writes, Marx himself was not an economic determinist, although he certainly emphasized economics as the primary force at work in society:
Marx often sounded like an economic determinist; that is, he seemed to consider the economic system of paramount importance and to argue that it determined all other sectors of society--politics, religion, idea systems, and so forth. Although Marx did see the economic sector as preeminent, at least in capitalist society, as a dialectician he could not have taken a deterministic position, because the dialectic is characterized by the notion that there is continual..."

Abstract
A number of industrial pollutants make their way into the water supply and accumulate in lakes and bays, affecting the flora and fauna of the waterways and so entering the food chain often leading to the dinner table of the human population. Fish are vulnerable as they eat plants along the banks of rivers and in lakes or in the ocean, and some of these substances can accumulate in the fish population over time to create a health hazard. One of these substances is zinc.

From the Paper
A number of industrial pollutants make their way into the water supply and accumulate in lakes and bays, affecting the flora and fauna of the waterways and so entering the food chain often leading to the dinner table of the human population. Fish are vulnerable as they eat plants along the banks of rivers and in lakes or in the ocean, and some of these substances can accumulate in the fish population over time to create a health hazard. One of these substances is zinc. Zinc enters the water supply from various plants along rivers across the country, plants that release waste water into the river, including the heavy metals in various concentrations. These metals can accumulate in the

Tags:zinc, fish, pollution