Abstract This paper examines acclimatization, the process by which the body adapts to changes in altitude. The body's various physiological responses to acclimatization are discussed, such as increased pulmonary ventilation and the presence of abnormally high numbers of red blood cells in the circulatory system known as polycythemia, among others. The paper concludes with a literature review which cites and analyzes various research studies in acclimatization.
Outline:
Increased Pulmonary Ventilation
Polycythemia
Rightward Shift in the Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Changes in Capillarization
Changes in Oxidative Enzymes Within Cells
References
From the Paper " Increased resting and submaximal ventilation is observed in immediate response to altitude related hypoxia (Wyatt, 2002). This increased ventilation is achieved through increased volume and rate of breaths, and individual variation in hypoxic ventilatory response has been demonstrated (Wyatt, 2002). Research has shown that individuals with strong hypoxic ventilatory drives exhibit better performance at high altitudes than individuals with less efficient drives (Wyatt, 2002). The stimulated ventilation that results from exposure to high altitudes is due to aortic and carotid sensitivity to reduced PO2 in arterial blood. This increase in ventilation increases PO2 in the alveoli and reduces end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), which lends to reduced carbon dioxide and H+ in the blood. In response to these reductions during the initial few days of exposure to altitude, the kidneys gradually excrete bicarbonate (HCO3), which is associated with decreased plasma volume. Increased pulmonary ventilation also results in a reduction in total water in the body due to loss of water vapor that occurs during respiration, which results in rapid dehydration during acute altitude exposure (Wyatt, 2002)."
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, 1994, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
Abstract This paper examines the sociological and cultural acclimatization of Chinese-Americans by exploring the history of their arrival. The writer explains that this assimilation has been made even harder because Americans do not understand the importance ongoing culture plays in the Chinese family's life.
From the Paper "The Chinese American population holds a unique position in American history. The majority of the initial population of Chinese immigrants arrived in this county under coolie labor contracts, which were similar to the African slaves of the plantations of the South. The Chinese coolies were treated as disposable labor, and given less than full citizen status until the middle of the 1940?s. However, this group did not let the American culture assimilate them; rather the Chinese Americans built their own collective identity, which was a unique reflection of the rich Chinese heritage they left behind."
Abstract This paper explores Mary Antin's assimilation into the American culture through her book, "The Promised Land". She begins the chronicle of her experiences as an immigrant in the New World. Antin did more than just adapt to America; she threw herself into it, assimilating herself so much that she could not identify with the Russian Jew she was born.
From the Paper "Mary Antin's memoir, The Promised Land chronicled her immigrant experience in the United States. She wished to use her life as a model for other American immigrants so that they could understand the literal and spiritual journey of the process to Americanization. Through a progression of events, Mary Antin assimilates herself into the American culture and sheds her Russian-Jewish identity."
A comprehensive dissertation, identifying opportunities for improving success rates of reintroduced gorillas in Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Abstract This scope of this dissertation extends to a critical review of past reintroduction efforts, with an emphasis on those involving primates. This includes a discussion of the species' value, as this is debated among scientists and provides a discussion concerning efficacious captive rearing techniques with a focus on what kind of training (via raising, handling, pre and post release training, acclimatization, predator recognition, etc) has been done and how successful each method has been. This paper includes discussions of natural behavior management, the ethics of predator introduction (i.e., is it ethical to put animals under risk of harm in order to increase their ultimate survival in nature). A critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature concerning endangered species conservation efforts in general and regarding gorillas in particular is followed by a recapitulation of the results of observations of six captive gorilla specimens by the author. An analysis of the findings is provided in the concluding chapter.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusions, Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper "Close contact between animals and keepers at Howletts and Port Lympne Parks in England has resulted in a higher than usual success rate for breeding, including clouded leopards, lions, monkeys, rare small cats, and the world's largest captive breeding groups of gorillas, African elephants, tigers and black rhino. To date, the two Parks have been successful in returning Przewalski's horses, black rhino, Sumatran rhino, Cape buffalo, ocelots, pythons and nine gorillas to the wild (About Us, 2004). Not surprisingly, this conservational success has not gone unnoticed or unappreciated. The BBC has described the Parks as being "two of the best wild animal parks in the world" (About Us, 2004, p. 2). The two Parks are home to 70 of gorillas, which is the largest group of gorillas in human care in the world; the facilities have enjoyed over 80 births of gorillas to date."
Abstract This paper examines how thermoregulation is essential for a mammal to survive in extreme hot and cold conditions and how horses and humans are the only mammals which sweat to control body temperature. It discusses how understanding thermoregulation is extremely important when it comes to exercising and cooling down horses in various climates.
Outline
Introduction
Understanding Thermoregulation
Adapting to the Environment
Surviving the Heat
A Delicate Balance
Controlling Temperature
Heat Loss
Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms
Types of Thermoregulation
Dangers of Heat
Heat Stress on Horses
Fluid Loss and Electrolytes
Heat Exhaustion and Olympic Horses
Decreased Exercise Capacity
Three Weeks of Acclimatization Cold Water Cooling
Preventative Care
Important Statistics
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since heat stress can lead to heat stroke, anyone exercising a horse should know the warning signs of heat stress as a means of preventing the life-threatening condition. It is crucial to provide extra care and attention to a horse being exercised on hot days, since there is a significant increase in the amount of heat produced by working muscles. Heat production can increase as much as 50% during intense exercise as compare with heat production when the horse is at rest. A horse increases its sweating rate to move more blood to the capillaries under the skin and breaths much harder in an effort to release this build-up of heat."
Abstract This paper explains that stock ownership expanded dramatically in the 1990s to include many more white and blue collar workers, in addition to the classical wealthy investor. The author points out, that, regardless of the actual amounts of their relative investments, the "average working Joe" is investing and risking far more than the wealthy investor, which poses an ethical dilemma for investment brokers as to whether or not they should be targeting individuals who are likely to "bet more than they can afford to lose". The paper relates that most lower-middle income investors are far less amenable to the idea of paying high prices for financial advice especially when they can simply research virtually any stock or investment strategy on the internet, free of charge.
From the Paper "In 1952, a New York Stock Exchange survey found that only 4 percent of Americans owned equities; today, the figure is nearing 50 percent. Such a substantial increase should ideally be accompanied by an increase in investment intelligence. However, the trend seems to be that the more people invest in the stock market, the less people seem to understand the market's complexities. Interestingly, the modern investor, in general, believes that he is sufficiently knowledgeable about investing, even though many do not feel confident enough in their abilities to "go it alone". Their desire for self-reliance, however, may soon overtake their self-doubt. After all, the Internet (as well as the myriad of advertisements which promote online trading to the working class), makes investment and trading look as easy as using a search engine. However, the high level of self-confidence that untrained investors are currently experiencing could significantly decrease in the event of a substantial market downturn."
Tags: downturn, ethics, blue-collar, retirement, internet
Abstract This paper examines the physiological changes that occur in the body at high altitude, particularly in respect to the heart. The paper examines what happens to the body during short-term exposure and long-term exposure to high altitude, and exposure to extremely high altitudes.
From the Paper "Several circulatory changes mediated by stimulation of the carotid body which causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated by short-term altitude exposure less than three or four days. These changes occur within a few minutes of altitude exposure and are related to a transient epinephrine secretion combined with a more sustained secretion of norepinephrine. These cause immediate changes which include an increase in ventilation, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output and an elevation of blood pressure. There is also an increase in coronary blood flow."
Tags: cardiopulmonary, high altitude, acclimatization
Abstract This paper reviews the story "Pocho" written by Jose Antonio Villarreal, in which he discusses the life of a young American born Mexican and his struggle to assimilate into the culture in which he is being raised, as compared to the culture in which he actively participates throughout his life. It discusses the struggles that he encounters in trying to deal with these two cultures. The paper concludes by presenting the writer's personal opinion about the book.
From the Paper " It is not just Richard, his father or his mother that have difficulty in becoming acclimatized to a new culture, it is all the main characters in the book as well. The book's tone is such that what could be depressing in its view, actually just turns out to be interesting. Philosophically speaking, anyone who would try to completely change the culture that they live in, or attempt to change themselves to fit into the culture in which they have the most interaction would find it difficult. That these characters had such a hard time is not surprising in the least. That they were as successful as they were in their attempts is what is surprising, especially when the reader considers that they were in a new country, with no friends, very little money and the only substantial thing they could offer society was the fact that they would work hard both in the manual labors which they performed, and in the classroom to better themselves."
