Abstract
This report examines the differing policies toward access to the internet in the USA and China. In an age where greater and greater levels of communication are becoming the norm, there are still certain regimes who regard the internet as a potentially threatening resource for those who would seek to challenge current institutions or who would wish to organise against the government. This report examines the two different nations and how their internet access is governed. To a large extent it is concluded that the manner in which internet access is controlled in the respective nations is relative to the two very different political systems that operate within them. As a result. the paper looks at how the Chinese system is heavily regulated and centrally controlled, whereas the USA system is much less regulated and responds more to the judiciary and to legal grounds for censorship rather than the preservation of the state.

From the Paper
"The internet has changed the way people live in quite dramatic ways. It has opened up new channels for political dissent and has offered the opportunity for communication on a scale that was previously never thought possible. There are many cases worldwide where the internet has been used to unite people and to aid their struggles. The concept of new social movements and the ability of movements such as the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico to survive and prosper is due in large part to their ability to reach a wide audience as a result of the internet. Without this access to the internet it would most likely have been the case that the Zapatista movement would have wiped out by the Mexican army. However, as a result of their ability to garner support from across the globe they were able to shine a light on events in Chiapas and gain international support for what they were doing. As a result of this they undermined the Mexican state and won their battle (at least for now). Control over this medium is therefore a key issue which can have very significant outcomes on politics."

Tags:Censorship globalization freedom, information web access

Abstract
The paper provides a brief history regarding affirmative action and continues to look at the issues involved in equity and access in higher education. The paper takes a close look at the statistics, social and political concerns, and action policies with a focus on New Jersey and the United States, and shows that equity and access is not available to all students.

From the Paper
""Blacks and Hispanic families are three times more likely than white families to be below the poverty line. A black child over three times (28% versus 8%) more likely to live in a single-parent female household..." (Renner and Moore 238). Why is this true if higher education has equity and access are available to all students? Why are African Americans still struggling to provide for their families while living in poverty? These are important questions in studying the obstacles to equity and access. Taking a close look at the statistics, social and political concerns, and action policies with a focus on New Jersey and the United States will show..."

Tags:equity, access, education

Abstract
This paper analyzes a case in which a mother (who is a hospital employee) demands access to her daughter's original medical records for the purpose of altering the records.

From the Paper
"This case involves a situation in which a minor teenage girl has been determined by physician examination at a hospital to be pregnant ..."

Tags:Medical, Privacy, Access, to, Medical, Records, Electronic, Storage, Access, Control

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that a database is a program allowing the user to collect and organize information, and the home user might use this system for a number of purposes, from keeping track of any collection (such as books, videos, magazine articles, lists of any sort, and so on). The writer then looks at the Microsoft Access data base.

From the Paper
"A database also allows the user to search through the data collected on the basis of one or more search terms and one or more types of information. This makes the database program especially powerful for organizing data and for finding a specific item on the list. Databases can also be used for such tasks as counting items or adding together a set of figures, as when a small business uses a database to keep track of sales and has a column for payments made, a ..."

Tags:access, database

Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bio-ethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography

From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents' behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans' decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans' sexual behavior."

Tags:Simmelian, Four, Quadrants, HIV/AIDS, TRA

Abstract
This paper explores the problem of unauthorized wireless access, and the challenge of restricting wireless access to only those who have paid for it. The paper explains that enforcement is particularly difficult because of the myriad methods of obtaining access, from the relatively simple means of using IP address scanners to the more sophisticated approaches to amplifying free signals. The paper concludes that the ethical dilemma of the installers lies in continually providing service despite knowing the signals can be freely used by anyone; even more troubling is the chance dishonest neighbors can access the PC of the person who is paying for the service.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Ethical and Unethical Use of Wireless Access
Assumptions Regarding Wireless Access
Summary
References

From the Paper
"Often the ethical dilemma is that the technician knowingly installing an unsecured connection because it is more efficient and takes less time, and in some cases, is seen as retribution to their companies for what they perceive as a lower than industry wage. In general the technicians, even on service calls, appear to be rushed and overbooked for their appointments from personal observation. In addition to the ethics of the Internet provider over-scheduling their technicians also need to be considered in any ethical analysis of this situation. Clearly if ethical use of WiFi networks is to be achieved, more thorough training and evaluation of installers is needed."

Tags:internet, bandwidth, PDA, hotspot

Abstract
This paper discusses physical therapy direct access legislation in New York State, which permits patients to seek the services of a physical therapist without a physician referral. With direct access, patients are able to quickly access a physical therapist, who can immediately evaluate, diagnose, prevent and treat the patient safely and effectively. The paper maintains that this process will provide long-term benefits for everyone, which include improved health care, professional challenge and reward, and marked financial savings. To conclude, the paper advocates increased public awareness of direct access and urges physical therapists to encourage legislators to federally enact full direct access with total reimbursement from third-party insurers.

From the Paper
"The patient, responsible for initiating the direct access chain of events, has a tremendous advantage with direct access. Public awareness of the direct access law is one of the greatest duties charged to the physical therapy community. Principle 8 of the Physical Therapy Code of Ethics (American Physical Therapy Association [APTA], 2006) states "A physical therapist shall provide and make available accurate and relevant information to patients/clients about their care and to the public about physical therapy services." In addition to it being an obligation, educating patients is our forte, and a patient at once knowledgeable of his/her rights can act as a catalyst for further reform down the road. The public must learn about its rights to access the services of a physical therapist without a physician referral. This right poses the patient with the opportunity to take his/her health care into their own hands, and significantly enhance their quality of life."

Tags:health, care, patient, autonomy, therapist, code, of, ethics, third-party, insurer, insurance

Abstract
The measurement of access to health care in America is far from uniform. Even a cursory review of the literature reveals diverse methods, instruments and procedures for assessing access, each applied to diverse populations (e.g., poor, special needs, middle class, insured, uninsured, etc.) for diverse services (oncology, preventative care, prenatal care, etc.). This paper examines access to health care as related to the measurement of access and to the range of programs that have been developed to improve access. The writer's personal reaction to each issue is included in the report. The paper also includes articles referred to in the text.

From the Paper
"Access has also been measured in terms of whether a person has medical insurance or a regular source of care, or whether people use emergency rooms as their usual site of medical care (Wood, Hayward, Corey, Freeman & Shapiro, 1990). Additional access measures include whether insurance covers recommended care (Hubbell, Waitzkin & Rodriquez, 1990), the number of structural barriers confronting an individual or group seeking health care (Dutton, 1986), and the degree of expertise of a target group's service providers (McCoy, Aversa & McCoy, 1999). My personal reaction to this issue is to doubt the accuracy of access data. This is because each of these different measures must necessarily vary in the extent to which they have adequately operationalized the access construct."

Tags:medical, care, National, Academy, for, State, Health

Abstract
This paper focuses on an examination of some of the most important features of Access, including the ease that it provides in developing applications and of the VBA IDE in both developing and debugging code in VBA. It provides working examples and step-by-step instructions for certain features.

From the paper:

"A database is simply an organized collection of data that can be accessed (hence the name of the software, of course) and manipulated through a management system (often called by its initials, DBMS) such as Access. (It should also be noted that a number of other quite good DBMS software exists, including Oracle and SQL Server). Software such as Access provides the user with the tools needed to organize data in a way that is both efficient and yet also flexible. Access, like other DBMS programs, allows a user to add, delete and change data in the database, to ask questions about that data and to produce a variety of kinds of reports summarizing some or all of the data in a database."

Tags:computer, science, summary, model, network, records, relational, values, information, tables, Windows

Abstract
This paper, based in sociological and social psychology concepts, identifies the causal factors for the gap between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population with respect to health care access. The author concludes, after an extensive review of the literature, that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. The author suggests that an extensive education is required for low-income persons and members of visible minorities to know the benefits and function of health care services, and health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.

Table of Contents
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and The Health Care Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Delivery of Health Care to the Poor
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Delivery
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem
Discussion
Recommendations for Further Research
Annotated Bibliography

From the Paper
"One of the major impediments to the attainment of universal access to healthcare in the United States is the functioning of for-profit Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and managed care organizations (MCOs). These organizations are investor-owned organizations that are in business to make a profit on healthcare delivery. Non-for-profit healthcare organizations also must earn a profit on their operations in order to be able to compensate and train staff, acquire new technology, and generally improve the quality of their services. Unlike investor-owned healthcare companies, however, non-for-profit organizations are not driven by share prices and the bottom-line mentality of for-profit companies. Thus, patient-centered care in not-for-profit healthcare organizations may be contrasted with the investor orientation of the for-profit healthcare companies. Recent decisions by for-profit healthcare companies to drop their Medicare healthcare groups because of substandard profit growth illustrates as no amount of rhetoric can the precedent of investor concerns over patient concerns in the for-profit healthcare companies."

Tags:hmo, managed-care, profit, entitlement, interactionist