Abstract
This paper stresses that problems with substance abuse in nurses affect more than the individual; they affect the whole work team. The author defines an impaired nurse as a nurse who is unable to meet the requirements of a professional code of ethics and standards of practice because cognitive, interpersonal, or psychomotor skills are affected by excessive drug or alcohol use. The paper states that many impaired nurses are super-nurses; unfortunately, when they are finally recognized as having a chemical dependency, it is almost too late for an appropriate intervention that may save them from losing their jobs.

From the Paper
"The problem is that little research is actually available on substance abuse among nurses. In studying the history and present problems with substance abuse, it is important to define the meaning of substance abuse among nurses or others. "Substance misuse is defined as maladaptive patterns of psychoactive substance use indicated by continued use even when faced with recurrent occupational, social, psychological or physical problems as well as/or use in dangerous situations.""

Tags:impaired, ethics, super-nurse, team, maladaptation

Abstract
This paper overviews rehabilitation centers and the experts in an effort to quantify which competencies and skills are necessary for caring for substance abusers. The paper quotes a number of educators, certifiers, and those in the field of addiction counseling who have agreed that a nationally derived and accepted set of standards is required of those who call themselves addictions counselors.

From the Paper
"Edwards, Yankey, and Altpeter (1998) also stress technical competencies ranging from budgeting and fiscal controls, to scheduling procedures, personnel administration systems, clinical counseling, reporting systems, and evaluation and quality control measures. In essence, it can be concluded that the skills which render an administrator competent in the context of substance abuse rehabilitation are the same skills needed for effective and managerial performance in any and all kinds of organizations. These skills may make the difference between organizational success and failure."

Tags:rehabilitation, carer, treatment, drugs, overdose, recovery, counselors

Abstract
This paper explains that problems, such as false reporting and accusations, cultural misunderstandings, racial bias, unnecessary harsh sentences and overall judicial inconsistencies, exist in the child abuse reporting system. The author points out that the large percentage of inappropriate reporting also places an unnecessary burden on the already overwhelmed child protective agencies and threatens to undermine public support for their efforts. The paper suggests that, with time and experience, it will be possible to standardize the approach toward sentencing so individuals will receive accurate judgments of incarceration, probation, education or acquittal based on the true circumstances. This paper includes several long quotations.

Outline:
Introduction Definition of Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Spanking versus Serious Physical Abuse
Study by Baumrind: Most Parents Spank without Ill Impact on Children
Statistical Reporting of Child Abuse Numbers
Numbers of Reporting Increased 20 Times
Large number of "Unfounded" Reports
Inappropriate Reporting Places Unnecessary Burden on Child Protective Agencies
Better Reporting on What to/Not to Report
Disagreement of Over/Under-Reporting of Child Abuse Claims
Investigative/Tool Inconsistencies
Racial/Cultural Misrepresentations
American Psychology Association Recommendations
Learn about the Culture
Examine Discrepancies between Accepted Cultural Practices and the Behavior
Look at the Continuum of Cultural Behaviors, Determining Relationship Socioeconomic Issues such as Poverty and Substance Abuse
Is Alleged Abusive Behavior is Truly Harmful to others?
Person's Level of Acculturation to U.S. Culture
Reporting Bias
Suggested Actions
Narrow the Scope of Child Abuse and Neglect Definitions.
Place the Investigatory Powers with the Police
Re-Criminalize Child Abuse and Neglect.
Repeal Mandatory Reporting Laws Effect in all the States.
Make Child and Family Services Voluntary

From the Paper
"As with any law that is passed, it is necessary to clearly define terms so that certain persons or groups of persons are not being treated differently in terms of that law and the punishment fits the crime. In cases of child abuse, there are numerous cases, especially with severe physical, psychological or sexual violations, where an individual should receive a strict penalty. However, there are also a large number of others cases where the abuse is minimal, questionable (spanking, for example), cultural, or even misinformed. In these latter situations, it may be better to find alternate ways to help these individuals and the victims."

Tags:spanking, agencies, misunderstandings, bias, police

Abstract
This paper discusses the often questionable ethical standards used by "civilian" agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). It reviews past and current NSA activities, what the NSA is legally authorized to do and what ethical issues are raised by some of the NSA activities. It also provides some information about the abuses of the civilian-focused CIA which performs military tasks.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is the National Security Archive?
What are the Duties of the NSA?
What are the Ethical Issues that Surround the NSA?

From the Paper
"If the FOIA law was not in place, millions of documents - that do not place the security of the U.S. in jeopardy but that allow the public to be informed about how its tax-supported government is behaving - would be kept secret by various government agencies; and hence, the strategies and decisions which affect the American people, their jobs and their communities, would not be known. Without the FOIA, the same way totalitarian and communist governments keep information away from their citizens would be the norm here in the U.S. American is a democracy, and the FOIA assures that, to come degree at least, America is an open society and its elected officials and paid government employees can be made to be accountable."

Tags:government, FOIA, congress

Abstract
This paper relates that the most prevalent crime in prison society is rape, which correctional officers often ignore, sometimes even encourage the assaults and, especially in the women's prisons, perform the rape. The author points out that racial strife also lies at the root of most sexual attacks in prison; the majority of aggressors are poor black men from impoverished inner-city areas who harbor a deep-seated hatred for the white prisoners whom they feel symbolize the prejudice
and discrimination they have experienced in their lives. The paper urges better health care, especially mental health and delineates several proposed programs, which require a financial commitment from the government and its taxpayers that many still may not be willing to make; minimally, in the meantime, citizens should demand a set of standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners, similar to what the United Nations has adopted.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Inmate Violence
Guard Abuse
The Race War and Its Casualties
Health Care...or the Lack Thereof
Abysmal Abuses of Environment
Now What?
"Why Should We Care?...".

From the Paper
"Prisoner on prisoner assault, guard assaults, racial tensions, minimal health care, deprived living conditions: what can possibly be done to prevent such abuses and human rights violations? Although it would prove quite naive to believe that any one of these problems has
a "magic bullet" solution, numerous programs and proposals are now in place which could at least begin a process of reform. Government investment in youth prevention programs is always a solid place to start. After all, if the legal system can reach a violent young kid before he morphs into a violent young criminal, then the estimated economic savings can number $50,000 per individual (in recovered incarceration expenses and potential earnings). The humanistic benefits to society are far greater. For those who slip through the cracks, detailed
drug treatment and prevention programs have been shown to curb recidivism."

Tags:rape, assault, guards, race, guidelines

Abstract
This paper describes the professional requirements for substance abuse counselors, their responsibilities and the standards they must uphold. These guidelines are based on the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics, which is presented in the paper. The writer points out that substance abuse counseling is a serious and responsible task, and that the counselor must never attempt to misuse his position and take advantage of the situation in order to seek gains for himself. He must follow the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics with the utmost sincerity and caution.

From the Paper
"Counselors must also make sure that they utilize the profession of counseling, and also practice it in such a manner that dignity and respect for the human race is kept in mind at all times, and is therefore, promoted. It must be noted that the Code of Ethics starts with a small introductory passage, in which the issue of what counselors must do in order to maintain discipline and behavior in their profession is discussed. If further goes on to state that when counselors are faced with certain ethical dilemmas that they may find difficult to resolve at that particular time, then they must perforce engage in a "carefully considered decision making process", so that they may be able to find an appropriate solution to the problem at hand. Since it is a fact that everyone has different opinions about one topic, and that there may as many different opinions as here are counselors, there is no specific decision making model that can be deemed the best or the most effective; counselors, according to the American Counselors Association are therefore expected to familiarize themselves with a credible model of decision making that would be able to stand on its own while under public scrutiny. (ACA Code of Ethics: The ACA Governing Council)"

Tags:substance, abuse, drugs, counselling, therapy, counselors, American, Counseling, Association, Code, of, Ethics, addiction

Abstract
This paper explains that, since the residents of nursing homes are dependent on their staff for most or all of their necessities from food and water to medication and toileting, the care recipients are left in a very vulnerable position and often times without alternatives. The author reports that an analysis of the population of nursing homes over the last decade reveals the fact of malnourishment or undernourishment in about 35 percent to 85 percent of the U.S. nursing home residents. The paper stresses that it is essential to be cautious in selecting a care facility, to pay attention to the care being given, to educate people about nursing care abuse and to report elder abuse regardless of personal consequences.

From the Paper
"The types of abuse occurring in nursing homes against the elders reflect the types prevalent in domestic environments including homicide, physical and sexual attack, neglect, inappropriate restraint, financial abuse, separation, oral threats and intimidation. Additionally, the nursing home abuses stems from traditional practices giving rise to chronic neglect, sub-standard care, overcrowding, authoritarian practices, and failure to safeguard the residents against inexperienced, distressed or greedy workers or against abusive residents or visitors. The delicate types of abuse have been innovated that refuse the residents the liberty to exert personal choice in respect of eating, getting up or going to bed; forcing the residents to involve in the activities and branding the bothersome individuals, giving rise to depersonalized dealings and isolation. Moreover, it has been noted that facilities engage in prejudiced practices like emphasizing activities that supports more capable residents."

Tags:vulnerable, restraint, sub-standard, malnourishment, depersonalized

Abstract
The paper explores the literature on the multidimensional family therapy approach to treating adolescent drug abuse. The paper
provides several descriptions of multidimensional family therapy that show how approaches will be different in virtually every clinical setting. The paper concludes by revealing that multidimensional family therapy has been shown to be a cost effective approach when compared to standard treatment options.

Outline:
Background and Overview
Description of Multidimensional Family Therapy

From the Paper
"Among the numerous treatment modalities to emerge in recent years that have been determined effective, a growing number of practitioners are turning to multidimensional family therapy as a comprehensive approach to treating specific syndromes and problems associated with adolescent substance abuse, as well as delinquency, and externalizing disorders (Sexton, Weeks & Robbins, 2003). In this regard, Liddle and his associates developed the multidimensional family therapeutic approach which integrates concepts of individual development in adolescents with various structural concepts and concepts from traditional substance-use treatment (Liddle et al., 2001)."

Tags:adolescents, parents, addictions, intervention

Abstract
The paper explains that nearly two-thirds of all American youth try an illegal drug before they finish high school. The writer states that the juveniles most frequently driven to prostitution are young girls trying to escape abusive situations. The writer reviews literature written on the topics of juvenile drug abuse and prostitution. The writer suggests that more research needs to be done regarding these teenage issues and details specific topics for that research. The paper expresses the importance of making contacts by handing out literature to the public. In conclusion, the writer suggests outreach programs in which the emphasis lies not only on knowledge about safer drug use and safer sex but also on attitude, social standards and self-efficacy. Table Of Contents Importance of Study Introduction Identifying Juveniles in Danger Identifying Illusionary Sources About Prostitution Review of Literature 1. Tap 11: Treatment for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse: Opportunities for Coordination; Special Populations: Prostitutes 2. Blume (1992) Summarizes Some of the Differences in Chemical Dependency in Women When Compared with Men 3. Juveniles: Schinke, Botvin & Orlandi, 1991 4. The Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia (CASA) Released a Study Oct. 27, 1994 5. A Methodological Analysis of the Sexual Behavior NORC University of Chicago, February, 1992 6. The Relationship Between Cocaine Use, Drug Sales, and Other Delinquency Among a Cohort of High-Risk Youths Over Time, 1994 7. Teen Prostitution, Marie Cugini, Advocates for Children College Park Scholars University of Maryland, College Park 9. Breaking The Cycle A Developmental Model for the Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents with Alcohol and Other Drug Problems, By Leslie Acoca, M.A., M.F.C.C. 10. McKeganey et al, 1990, Green et al, 1993. Gossop et al (1994) Interviewed 51 Women Drug Using Prostitutes Basis for Discussion Research Design Making Contacts Limitations References Bibliography

From the Paper
"Juveniles are most frequently driven to prostitution in order to escape abusive situations. These young girls feel they have no choice. In addition, laws designed to protect children from sexual abuse are not applied to juvenile prostitutes. The following case history suggests that a number of juveniles engaged in prostitution grew up in abusive and/or neglectful homes, a fragile self esteem and limited resources lead some girls believe they had no other choice but to enter the world of prostitution. "Repeatedly myths and illusions about prostitution are built on misinformation and fantasy of sexuality that are promoted through movies, TV, video tapes and printed materials including pornography. These may entice naive young teens into prostitution through false promises of glamour and riches. In reality, juvenile prostitutes suffer pain humiliation and degradation at the hands of their pimps and customers. They are susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Most are controlled by pimps who care first about how much money they get. Kids involved in prostitution frequently experience beatings, sado-masochistic treatment, and worse."

Tags:alcohol, outreach, sex, tobacco, marijuana

Abstract
This paper considers the various forms of laws which dictate the standards by which doctors are held in determining if suspected child abuse should be reported to the authorities. This paper examines the requirements of doctors to report suspected child abuse. This is viewed through the context of a hypothetical fact pattern revolving around an infant brought into the emergency room by her mother after the infant would not stop crying.

From the Paper
"For medical professionals the Hippocratic Oath is the more solemn aspects of becoming a doctor. For with this simple set of stanzas one is swearing an allegiance to both previous physicians and future patients to do whatever they deem necessary to alleviate their suffering. To this end, doctors are held to a higher standard when it comes to suspected child abuse. All 50 states have enacted various forms of laws..."

Tags:health, law, ethics