Abstract
This paper explores how the communication processes are associated with child abuse. First, the paper gives statistics about child abuse and gives a definition for this form of domestic violence. The paper further shows how the communication problem in regards to child abuse is linked to a lack of ability to communicate on the part of one of the parties involved in the abuse. Graphs and diagrams are used to visually explain the communication process and its breakdown. The paper concludes by giving suggestions about preventative measures that can be put in place to help reduce the instances of child abuse and neglect.

TOC:
Introduction
Understanding the Communication Process
Understanding Child Abuse
How the Two Impact Each Other
How Can the Communication Process Be Improved to Prevent Child Abuse
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The communication problem in regards to child abuse is linked to a lack of ability to communicate on the part of one of the parties involved in the abuse. A build up of frustration as a result of the lack of communication abilities often leads to abuse. Other communication problems that result in abuse relate to confusing array of messages on the abusers part. This includes messages about self-worth, affection, and religious beliefs. All humans have a need to be accepted and or needed. Low self-esteem is a result of that need not being met. Many abusers possess this trait. For many it is the driving force behind their actions."

Tags:child abuse, communication, preventing child abuse, domestic violence

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that as the most under-reported form of child maltreatment, sexual abuse is an ever-increasing problem. The writer points out that child sexual abuse is not limited to any one geographical area, culture, or society; in fact, it is a global pandemic with children of all races and nationalities at risk for abuse. The writer maintains that every researcher mentioned in this paper would quickly agree that child sexual abuse is a very real and terrible social problem with many negative consequences, and that education appears to be the key factor when it comes to preventing child sexual abuse. The paper's research and studies all reveal that child sexual abuse occurs more frequently than one would assume and that it often goes under-reported, if reported at all. The writer concludes that, unfortunately, there is no clear-cut method for eliminating child sexual abuse, except perhaps through greatly altering the attitudes and motives of those individuals responsible for the abuse.

From the Paper
"Child sexual abuse is perhaps the most deplorable type of abuse, and as the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry explains, child sexual abuse can occur ''within a family, by a parent, a step-parent, a sibling or some other relative (''Child Sexual Abuse,'' 2008, Internet). In addition, abuse can occur outside of the family and often involves a neighbor, a friend, a childcare individual, a teacher, or even a stranger (''Child Sexual Abuse,'' 2008, Internet), and once sexually abused, a child often develops a range of thoughts, distressing feelings, and behaviors (''Child Sexual Abuse,'' 2008, Internet) which can affect the child for the remainder of his/her lifetime.
"As the most under-reported form of child maltreatment, sexual abuse is an ever-increasing problem. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, only 1% to 10% of child sexual abuse incidences are ever reported, and in a study conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services (1986 to 1993), cases of child sexual abuse and neglect almost doubled, with numbers ranging between 1.4 million and 2.8 million cases (''Darkness to Light,'' 2008, Internet)."

Tags:child, sexual, abuse, social, workers, healthcare

Abstract
This paper examines the psychological motivations behind child sexual abuse, the impact it has on the victim, and how to educate families and prevent children from being abused. The paper also discusses methods for the victims and their families to recover from abuse.

Table of Contents:

A Defining Introduction to Abuse
The Effects of Abuse
The Development of Protection
The Themes Relevant to Child Abuse Policy
The Lack of Attention to Child Abuse
Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse
Conclusive Recovery from Child Sexual Abuse
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The problem of child sexual abuse is entirely unacceptable in nature, and has lasting effects for both the victim and abuser. There are varying degrees of abuse, with three primary perspectives; those of social, medical, and psychological; through which the view the problem. Those who are abused oftentimes suffer extremely after the fact, developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Children however are innocent and incapable in most situations at defending themselves from adults who would seek to abuse them. Thus prevention is essential, a number of potential measures being explored below."

Tags:children, sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress, psychology, victims, ephebophilia

Abstract
This paper defines childhood sexual abuse, delves into its psychological frameworks and discusses how childhood sexual abuse can affect development. It examines several factors that have skewed the social view of child sexual abuse including the focus on gender, retrospective accounts of child sexual abuse and a lack of focus on child sexual abuse education and prevention. The paper asserts that society's misconceptions must be addressed before progress child sexual abuse can be effectively treated and prevented.

From the Paper
"Childhood sexual trauma and sexual violence cuts across all lines of gender, national origin, language, religion, age, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation. In fact, according to the latest U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 2000 Child Abuse and Neglect National Statistics Study that is conducted through the Administration for Children and Families National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) there has been a small one-year increase in confirmed reports of child maltreatment."

Tags:Childhood Sexual Abuse, Sexual Trauma, Development

Abstract
The paper discusses how substance abuse has touched every demographic of America. This paper further discusses the trends and issues regarding substance abuse affecting specifically the lesbian group. The paper provides an overview of alcohol abuse in lesbians, as well as the "coming out" factor of substance abuse in lesbians. The writer recommends additional research and appropriate support programs. The paper examines how policy changes can better protect the lesbian population from discrimination and the associated stressors.

Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Trends and Issues
Alcohol Abuse in Lesbians
'Coming Out' as a Factor in Substance Abuse
Treatment: A Call for Additional Research
Implications for Research, Support and Policy
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Research concerning substance abuse amongst lesbians often center on regional data. There are challenges that face substance abuse research when discussing the specific population of lesbians, however. The term 'lesbian' alone often causes confusion as it is somewhat ambiguous. In addition to this challenge, sexual orientation in research is self-reported, leading to errors, especially in subjects who may fear the stigma of being labeled as a lesbian."

Tags:sexual, orientation, heterosexual, same-sex, partners, National, Institute, Alcohol, Abuse, Alcoholism, National, Institute, Women's, Health

Abstract
The paper states that the topic of recovered memories and false memories with respect to childhood sexual abuse is closely connected to memory issues of amnesia and delayed recall. The paper comments that although it is impossible to determine exactly how common amnesia and delayed recall are in cases of child sexual abuse, research does indicate that both phenomena occur with respect to child sexual abuse. The paper suggests that one explanation for why it does not occur, may be related to the types of abuse experience, in that repeated abuse may be more likely to cause amnesia or delayed recall.

Outline:
Introduction
Research concerning child sexual abuse and amnesia
Disagreement of the literature
Amnesia
Delayed Recall
Prevalence
- problems with determining prevalence
Suggested Explanations
- Type of Trauma
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The literature is also somewhat convoluted on the subject, as some researchers find traumatic events are encoded in more detail than non traumatic events, while others find that traumatic events are forgotten altogether. Such is the case when amnesia occurs. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory, most often of declarative memory as opposed to procedural memory (how to tie your shoe laces) (Colman, 2003). Although vivid intrusions of traumatic images and sensations are some of the most dramatic expressions of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a disorder commonly associated with childhood sexual abuse, the loss of recollections for traumatic experiences is also well documented. Research suggests that for some victims of trauma, having no recall of the abuse is based on more than just ordinary forgetting associated with the passage of time, their young age at the time of trauma, or lack of salience of the traumatic event"

Tags:trauma, child, brutalization, sexual, abuse, memories

Abstract
The paper questions whether there is any evidence that increased levels of anxiety result in a higher incidence of substance abuse. People who are very anxious may consume larger quantities of alcohol, smoke more heavily or resort to drugs as a way of self medication in treating an anxiety disorder. The paper relates that the higher the levels of self-reported anxiety,the more difficult it is to complete a treatment program, with the possibility that the person will return to the disorder of abuse on completing the program. The paper continues and discusses subtle affinities of anxiety disorders with that of substance abuse, by indicating that there are minor differences between the amount of abuse by alcoholics who have anxiety disorders, and those that do not. This indicates that anxiety disorders are an independent factor in the study of substance abuse.

From the Paper
"However, trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with negative substance abuse consequences, i.e., relapses even after treatment. Trait anxiety levels were also negatively correlated with the number of days an individual spent in treatment. In other words, the more anxiety problems that an individual experienced, the more likely it was that they would be substance abusers and the longer it would take for that individual to successfully complete the treatment program. Additionally, both state and trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with the level of addiction that the individual expressed, as measured and documented by the researchers (O'Leary et al., 2000). The implication of this finding is obvious: the higher the level of anxiety that an individual experience--in other words, the greater the possibility of an anxiety disorder--the more likely it would be for that individual to have a greater substance abuse problem."

Tags:anxiety, abuse, self, medication, alcohol, drugs

Abstract
This paper details the published research findings which state that there are four basic types of abusers. The writer of this paper explores the various theories that claim child abuse is in fact based on social, environmental and structural factors including economic status, cultural values, social isolation and lack of a community support system. The writer contends and explains why cultural norms are a significant cause of child abuse. The writer of this paper emphasizes the need for early intervention to both identify and combat cases of child abuse. The writer also stresses the importance of understanding the social causes of child abuse which can then help treat the abuser and prevent abuse from both occurring and escalating.

Table of Contents:
The Types of Abusers
The Social Systems Theory
Socialization/Role Strain Theory
The Social Interaction Theory
The Religious Theory
Other Social Phenomena
Intervention
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Research and studies on child abuse and abusers indicate there are four basic types of abuser. The "accelerator" sees the child as having some kind of negative affect. (The child may remind them of a former spouse, or be inadvertently blamed for the break-up of a relationship). The abuser may take out their anger and frustration at these situations on the child. The "mediator" has some kind of reason that rationalizes the abuse, such as Biblical passages or "folk" wisdom that seem to support some kind of harsh discipline ("spare the rod and spoil the child"). In the "brakes" abuser, the abuser cannot control their actions and impulses and so allow their impulses to rule over their common sense.
Finally, the "reinforcer" finds some kind of emotional payoff from the abuse. They feel more in control, they can ignore other problems in their life, etc."

Tags:social, abuse, children, family, structure, cultural, norms, research, theories, finance

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges of society today is the necessity of protecting children from child abuse. This paper presents an overview of the subject and discusses the long term effects of this social malady.

Paper Outline:

I. Child Abuse and its Effects
A. Intro
1. Definition
2. Crisis
3. Types of Abuse and Abusers
B. Cause of Abuse
1. Substance Abuse
2. Environmental Factor
3. Family History
C. Effects of Abuse
1. Physical
2. Emotional
3. Behavioral/Relational Problem
II. Prevention
A. Media
B. Programs
C. Awareness
III. Healing
A. Breaking Cycle
IV. Bibliography

From the Paper
"Also if the child is exposed to prolonged stress, such as abuse, he or she would likely develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This type of disorder is most common with Vietnam War veterans and victims of torture. But a child exposed to traumatic stress can develop this because their brain will create an automatic fear response and will cause the child to respond anxiously and aggressively. Other symptoms of PTSD are nightmares, flashbacks, amnesia, and multiple-personality disorders (5)."

Tags:abuse, addiction, alcohol, drugs, family

Abstract
This well-researched paper details the various forms of child abuse including sexual, physical, verbal and psychological as well as others. This paper delves into the long-term repercussions of child abuse which effects the lives of the victims years after the actual abuse ends. These long-term results are both numerous and varied and include: Depression, low self-esteem, learning difficulties, withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorders and anxiety amongst others. This paper discusses the role law enforcement agencies play in protecting children from abuse. This writer examines the government's position on this specific issue while delving into the new laws being implemented to protect children. This paper also discusses the growing problem of child abuse in other countries such as India and Australia. The writer contends that while the current laws that demand certain professionals such as social workers, teachers and counselors report suspected cases of child abuse are in fact aiding in combating this problem much more still needs to be done. This paper contains the results of published studies and reports as well as relevant statistics and data pertaining to this particular topic.

From the Paper
"Society must respond to the fact that child abuse is still going on in the U.S. and the world today. Many different countries experience their own sting of child abuse in this day in age. In the book called Child abuse: A global view by Schwartz-Kenny, McCauley & Epstein experts from sixteen different countries are interviewed to discuss how the issues of child abuse and neglect, legal definitions of abuse, the prevalence of abuse, children's role in the legal system, and penalties for abusing a child. For example, Australia now recognizes that child abuse and neglect are more common that previously acknowledged. There has also been a growing realization that such abusive treatment endangers the physical, social, intellectual, and emotional development of affected children, and that corrective action is urgently required to minimize the long-term effects of abuse. Child abuse frequently goes unreported in Australia; therefore, there is a lack of data; however, a National Child Protection Council was introduced in 1993 by the National Child Protection Council."

Tags:abuse, neglect, children, psychological, law, government, welfare, sexual, physical