Abstract
The paper analyzes the language, tone and imagery in the opening of Mumia Abu-Jamal's death row memoir, "Live From Death Row". The paper demonstrates how through excellent use of language, tone and style, Jamal both shapes his readers' opinions of death row prisoners, and challenges their views on the death penalty.

From the Paper
"Throughout history, speech and language have influenced peoples' thoughts on some of the most controversial of issues. Many of these elocutionists and writers were put to their deaths shortly after, and sometimes before, their words were revealed. One recalls the convicting message of Martin Luther, delivered under the threat of death, Thomas Moore, delivered shortly before death, and Martin Luther King, delivered before his untimely execution. While many of these speakers' words expressed deep conviction, the syntax alone was not what proved to convict members of the audience--whether in person or in writing. Instead, a combination of language, tone, and imagery worked together to shape and challenge perceptions and preconceived notions. A more contemporary example of this can be seen in Mumia Abu-Jamal's death row memoir, "Live From Death Row." Jamal, an African-American activist, radio host, and writer, who was sentenced to death for the murder of a police officer in 1981 ("Mumia Abu-Jamal"), has caused Americans to consider their views on the death penalty, much as Troy Davis's much more recently publicized case has invoked further thought on the issue ("Troy Davis--Finality Over Fairness")."

Tags:death, penalty, reader, opinion

From the Paper
"This paper is a discussion of black activist, author, and self-described political prisoner, Mumia Abu-Jamal, author of Live from Death Row. Abu-Jamal, who is awaiting execution for a crime he insists he did not commit, has written scathingly about racism in America and the particular racism of the death penalty. Abu-Jamal's writings convey the deep-rooted rage of many blacks in America who believe that justice is not color-blind but instead discriminates against black men, especially when their victims are white. Abu-Jamal is a powerful writer, though his writings are targeted to an almost exclusively black audience and his interest seems focused principally on inspiring his audience to political action. His fury, and the perspective that he represents, is almost diametrically opposed to the moderate, mainstream voices of civil rights activism most closely..."

Tags:BIOGRAPHIES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDIES, LAW: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of black activist, author, and self-described political prisoner, Mumia Abu-Jamal, author of "Live from Death Row". The paper looks at how Abu-Jamal, who is awaiting execution for a crime he insists he did not commit, has written scathingly about racism in America and the particular racism of the death penalty.

From the Paper
"Abu-Jamal's writings convey the deep-rooted rage of many blacks in America who believe that justice is not color-blind but instead discriminates against black men, especially when their victims are white. Abu-Jamal is a powerful writer, though his writings are targeted to an almost exclusively black audience and his interest seems focused principally on inspiring his audience to political action. His fury, and the perspective that he represents, is almost diametrically opposed to the moderate, mainstream voices of civil rights activism most closely associated with the late Martin Luther King Jr. His writings are worth studying for the understanding they give of the ways that civil rights has failed many blacks in America and the suggestion that racism continues to be a powerful social issue."

Tags:civil, rights, activism, author, capital, punishment

Abstract
In this essay the writer notes that there are very few criminal justice trials which have been as remarked upon as the 1920s Braintree Robbery involving co-defendants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, and the much later trial of Mumia Abu Jamal. The writer points out that these trials, because of the dubious verdicts reached in each instance, put American justice on trial and called into question the underlying assumptions which could bring the full wrath of the state down upon unpopular but not necessarily guilty defendants, despite a dearth of compelling evidence against them. With this in mind, the following paper examines both cases and discusses the issues of fairness, evidence and celebrity-hood which lie at the respective heart of each.

Tags:cases, american, justice

Abstract
This paper discusses how "Rage Against the Machine" has been a very influential political musical group and how, in this day and age, there are not many musical groups that can put forth such important political issues in their music. It examines a few of the issues that "Rage Against the Machine" writes music about and some of the political injustices that they are trying to fight, which include the struggles of Mexican immigrants and the fight for the freedom of Mumia Abu-Jamal.

From the Paper
"Rage Against The Machine was formed in Los Angeles back in 1991. The band consisted of Zach De La Rocha on vocals, Brad Wilk on drums, Tom Morello on guitar and Tim Commerford on bass. Zach was in a previous band called Inside Out, and the title of Inside Out's second album was "Rage Against The Machine", that is how the band got its name. They sold 5,000 copies of their demo tape and played two shows at Lollapalooza in California. After playing that they were signed by Epic Records. In November of 1992 the album "Rage Against The Machine" was released. The album sold over a million copies and was on Billboard's top 200 chart for 89 weeks. Rage went on to play benefits like the Anti-Nazi League Benefit and the Rock for Choice Benefit. In 1993 Rage went on to play Lollapalooza again, only this time they never played any music."

Tags:mumia, abu-jamal, immigrants, united, nations, death, penalty

Abstract
This paper examines the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq, where discipline and military standards were disregarded by US military soldiers, who beat, humiliated, and tortured prisoners. The paper points out that the US did not start to reevaluate the standards and conditions of their prisons until more cases of prisoner mistreatment throughout prisons in Iraq started to surface. The American Army started to set new standards to enforce throughout its units since it could no longer place the blame on "a few bad apples." The paper argues that, while this might seem like a change for the better, the United States Army was already in the possession of the resources needed to prevent such an occurrence. The paper concludes that the events that took place at Abu Ghraib and other prisons could have been avoided with the presence of proper leadership, supervision, and enforcement of basic military standards.

From the Paper
"During times of war, strong leadership and positive role models are essential in keeping order and focus in a group of people. Good leaders take charge, allot tasks, and enable others to cooperate to complete a project. In order to sustain their status and continuation of the group, soldiers take part in collective observational learning. This prevents corruption through negative reinforcement and strengthens camaraderie through mutual positive reinforcement. In my beast squad, my platoon sergeant was always present, setting examples for New Cadets to follow. My squad leader imitated his actions, always treating us fairly, and disciplined us when we needed it. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the presence of a positive role model was needed to prevent the distortion of military standards. The presence of a good leader would have allowed the soldiers in the prison unit to instill within themselves competence, loyalty, and honor to the tasks they were assigned. Furthermore, if Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick II was a good leader, he would have instated the military standards in accordance with the Geneva Convention that he and his staff were trained in, and he would have felt the moral obligation to stop the mistreatment of prisoners. The soldiers tasked with guarding the prisoners would not have been free to abuse detainees had Staff Sergeant Frederick II followed his training and enforced orders."

Tags:leadership, morality, discipline, standards

Abstract
This paper compares the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib to that seen in Philip Zimbardo's landmark psychological experiment into group behavior and the effects of differential power. The paper relates that Zimbardo's experiment demonstrated that even ordinary citizens without any previous history or known predisposition toward violence or abusive behavior have the potential to become cruelly abusive under circumstances that combine authority, unsupervised autonomy, and authoritative control over others. The paper then looks at how, in many ways, the real-life abuses at Abu Ghraib paralleled Zimbardo's previous observations of human behavior during his 1971 experiment at Stanford.

From the Paper
"The degree of abuse at Abu Ghraib was much worse than observed in the 1971 Stanford experiment, even after factoring in the fundamental differences between real life situations and controlled experiment. If anything, the fact that ordinary civilian students proved capable of such conduct on other civilians, even without the psychological stresses of a wartime combat zone and genuinely hostile prisoners, suggests that the risk of similar abuse in genuine wartime situations is much higher. "

Tags:ordinary, citizens, volunteered, gratuitous, violence, dehumanization

Abstract
This paper provides a textual reading of a poem by one of Arabia's most celebrated wine song poets, Abu Nuwas. It focuses on the elements of Nuwas' poetry that are most reflective of Arabic wine songs as well as those elements uniquely his own, including his focus on the joys of urban life, wine and drinking, and lust for adolescent boys.

From the Paper
" Philip F Kennedy maintains that Abu Nuwas is considered by most literary historians to be the finest wine poet of the Arabic tradition. Nuwas, a homosexual, devotes many of his wine songs to subjects relating to love lust and sexuality..."

Tags:love, imagery, dialogue, censure, sex, eroticism, drunkenness, inebriation, lust

Abstract
Using polling data from the Israeli and American publics from the early 1980s, along with newspapers too, this paper studies how public support for the 2003 Iraq War and the 1982-1983 Lebanon invasion rebounded, despite the Abu Ghraib and Sabra and Shatila incidents.

From the Paper
"The United States of America, scholars might someday say, happened upon the invasion of the Mesopotamian state of Iraq while searching for international terrorist groups in all of the wrong places. This is stated glibly because it is a very long and complex story. For the purpose of this study, it is only necessary to understand that having conquered Iraq, terminated its central government, and unwittingly facilitated the decline of civil society, the United States began detaining and interrogating petty criminals, former Ba'th party officials, violent insurgents, and frankly any other suspicious persons within the country's borders in March of 2003."

Tags:terrorism, zionism, Sharon, Bush, torture

Abstract
In large countries, administering justice is by no means an easy task. This is because there are a great many people, composing a diverse demography amid a never-ending sea of social problems. In order to cope with these problems, criminal justice systems are set up to implement laws that address disorder. But in spite of the criminal justice system being established, intricacies created by social disorder mitigate the efficiency of the laws implemented. In addition to this, there may be other factors, such as malpractice by law enforcers that cause the justice system much embarrassment and dissatisfaction. This paper argues that the American criminal justice system appears to be composed of separate systems with weak links to each other, since they each act almost independently according to the discretion or loopholes in the law. The paper uses a case study to present its argument.

From the Paper
"Another weakness in the justice system is the allowance for law enforcing officers to use discretion. These are actions that are legitimate, but it must be remembered that these actions are allowed because of the fact that if every one had to be judged by the narrow descriptions of the law there would be many more people in jail than there already are. But the problem is that there have been several cases where police discretion has also been used in a negative fashion."

Tags:Mumia, Abu, Jamal, jail, federal, judge