Abstract
In this essay, the writer explains that abortion was decriminalized and abortion clinics were established in Canada as a result of direct challenges to federal and provincial governments. The writer looks at Section 251, which restricted the conditions under which abortions could be performed and not be considered an indictable offense. The writer notes that on January 28, 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Section 251 of the Criminal Code unconstitutional. The writer concludes that social policies that support women, including prenatal education, universal daycare, parental leave, community midwives, affordable housing and economic equality, are needed in order to ensure real freedom of reproductive choice.

From the Paper
"Section 251 was passed in 1969. This law criminalized abortion under any circumstances but in an accredited hospital with a therapeutic abortion committee. Activism in opposition to that law began in 1970 when Dr. Henry Morgentaler was arrested for doing abortions without the consent of an abortion committee and outside of an accredited hospital. He performed the abortions as an act of civil disobedience, and when he was prosecuted in Quebec in 1973, 1975 and 1976, all three juries refused to convict him as a criminal. In 1976 a newly elected Parti Quebecois government refused to continue with the prosecutions of Dr. Morgentaler, and English Canadian activism subsided because the new government promised there would be no further cases brought before the Court for violation of Section 251. Although Section 251 was a federal law, cases were prosecuted in the provinces. Abortion was de-criminalized, but women continued to fight in Quebec for better access to abortion services and for public medical insurance coverage for abortions done in clinics and health centers."

Tags:pregnancy, clinics, Dr., Morgentaler, choice

Abstract
The essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of Section 718.2 (e) of the Criminal Code of Canada. Some critics view it as an adequate option for sentencing criminals whereas others believe it directs the Western legal system away from adequate reform. The paper concludes that the code reflects the liberal character of the Canadian justice system.

Outline:
Introduction
Section 718.2 (e): Point/Counterpoint
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The arguments for Section 718.2 (e) most closely resemble Canadian legislative ideals. The point that Section 718.2 (e) only offers judges the option of employing sanctions other than confinement upon sentencing is demonstrative of the liberality of choice that is part of the Canadian justice system. The argument that Section 718.2 (e) is part of a general effort to represent enlightenment and a real effort to address the problem of Aboriginal overrepresentation in correctional institutes is one which is also particularly relevant to Canadian legal thinking."

Tags:Canadian justice system, criminal code, Canadian minorities

Abstract
This paper shows how both the United States and Singapore derived their criminal justice system from the British system, though the U.S. system has diverged considerably while the system in Singapore remains deeply rooted in the British forms. The writer explains however that today, the immediate source for the criminal justice system in each country differs in that American law is constitutional, while criminal law in Singapore is entirely statutory and based on an adopted Criminal Code. It looks at how common law is a feature of both systems, standing as the accepted customs of many legal systems.

From the Paper
"American citizens derive their rights from the Constitution and particularly from the Bill of Rights. These ten articles were influenced largely by George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, with much of the final language based on Mason's "Declaration of Rights" for Virginia's Constitution of 1776. There were originally twelve, but two were eliminated as the final ten were adopted in 1791 (Hall, 1992, 70-71). Article VIII states: "Excessive bail shall not lie required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." These simple words have engendered reams of interpretation, for the Constitution does not say what constitutes either cruel or unusual punishment or how to make such a determination. Other provisions have similarly been argued throughout our history, and judicial determinations up to and including the supreme Court form a body of case law on which the police, prosecutors, and courts rely."

Tags:british, constitution, legal, court, supreme

Abstract
This paper compares the criminal codes of the states of Texas and Washington with regard to certain subjects. The first part discusses the laws relating to controlled substances. The second part looks at some criminal aspects of intoxication, particularly with regard to driving under the influence. The third part examines the laws concerning the possession of firearms by felons and aliens.

From the Paper
"Texas has divided controlled substances into four Penalty Groups (Health and Safety, 481.102 - 481.105) The substances in Penalty Group 1 carry the heaviest penalties; those in Groups 3 and 4 carry the lightest penalties. The penalties themselves vary with the amount of the controlled substance found in the defendant's possession and the intent of the defendant (to manufacture and/or deliver or simply to possess). For example, an offense involving the manufacture or delivery of less than one gram of a Penalty Group 1 substance is a state jail felony; if the offense involves the manufacture or delivery of more than 400 grams, the offense is punishable by 15 years to life in prison ( 481.112)."

Tags:drug, felon, criminal

Abstract
This paper, written as a "citizen's action guide" to abortion, takes an in-depth look at abortion in America. The paper discusses the history of abortion in America, legal aspects, political positions, and medical aspects. It also discusses abortion as a women's issue and examines the raging debate that continues to surround the controversial topic.

History of Abortion
Spotlight on Abortion
The Road to Legalization: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
The President, George W. Bush, on Abortion
Previous Presidents on Abortion
Political Parties on Abortion
The Issue: Is a Fetus a Viable Human Being?
A Women's Issue: Quality of Life
The Continuing Debate

From the Paper
"Sherri Finkbine, an Arizona woman pregnant with her fifth child, became concerned about the side effects of thalidomide that she had ingested (brought back by her husband after a trip overseas). Finkbine consulted her physician, who advised her to have an abortion. In Arizona at the time, "therapeutic" abortions were approved based on the attending physician writing a note to a three-doctor medical board explaining the justification for the procedure. Believing that publicizing her thalidomide trauma might alert others in similar situations, Finkbine contacted the editor of her local paper with the story, on the condition that her name be withheld. The ensuing public controversy over the issue resulted in Finkbine being denied a legal abortion in the United States, "Finkbine found herself unable, even after bringing a court challenge, to have an abortion legally. She was ultimately forced to go to Sweden to obtain a legal abortion" (Tribe, p.37). Although approval at the Swedish clinic was not automatic, Finkbine and her husband were able to withstand an extensive series of interviews with social workers, psychiatrists, and obstetricians and obtain the abortion. Finkbine's tenacity was rewarded when a Swedish physician described the condition of the aborted fetus: "He decisively stated that it was not a baby but an abnormal growth that would never be a normal child . . . " (Finkbine, p. 71)."

Tags:amendment, bolton, compiled, constitution, contacts, continuing, court, criminal, decisions, doe, fetus, health, human, illinois, issue, jane, lambert, law, laws, leavitt, legalization, offenses, organizations

Abstract
In this article, the writer compares a personal code of ethics with the professional code of ethics in criminal justice. The writer delineates the elements of ethical behavior that are most valued by the writer along with the ethical system from which these constructs are drawn.

From the Paper
"As an individual determined upon a career in the field of criminal investigation working at the local state or federal level at some point in the foreseeable if not immediate future I have given a great deal of thought to the normative ethical system that will guide my career. In this essay I will delineate the elements of ethical behavior that I value most along with the ethical system from which I draw these constructs. I will discuss the ..."

Tags:criminal investigation, ethics

Abstract
The abortion debate in North America is frequently emotional, even violent. Rational consideration of it often focuses on the concept of personhood. If the foetus is a person, abortion is murder. If it is not, abortion is not murder. Jane English argues that personhood cannot be adequately defined at all. This essay analyses the role of personhood in the abortion debate emphasizing Jane English's critique of its validity.

Tags:CRIMINAL JUSTICE, LEGAL ISSUES, CENSORSHIP, POLICY / HUMAN RIGHTS, abortion concept personhood

Abstract
This paper provides a brief discussion of the history of abortion and then takes a look at the secular and religious arguments that both those who oppose abortion and those who favor the right to choose abortion. The paper also discusses the landmark case 'Roe v. Wade' and its moral and legal implications.

From the Paper
"The termination of unwanted pregnancy through abortion practices likely predates recorded human history. Ancient societal records reveal myriad practical and ritualistic methods for inducing abortion through all manner of drug-like agents and physical manipulation (or external battery) of the gestating fetus. By the end of the Industrial Revolution, the technological capabilities of modern medicine and the development of anesthesia sparked a considerable increase in demand for medical intervention in response to unwanted pregnancy."

Tags:anti-abortion, statutes, fetal, quickening, rights, individual, criminal, conduct, fetus, living, person

Abstract
The paper provides a description of the job of a criminal investigator including tasks, skills and abilities. The paper includes an overview of a typical day for professionals in the field, as well as an analysis of the Code of Ethics used in the field.

From the Paper
"This report presents a job description for a criminal investigator working for a public law enforcement agency, such as a local police department. It also examines a typical day in the life of these professionals within the criminal justice system. Finally, a description of the general tenets of the Code of Ethics for this profession will be provided.
"The specific tasks undertaken by criminal investigators include determining the scope, timing and direction of investigations, developing relationships with informants..."

Tags:criminal investigator. job description, code of ethics