Abstract
The writer outlines abortion history and laws then focuses in the issue of partial birth abortion and its controversy. It provides an explanation of the legal development of laws relating to abortion and its eventual legalization. The paper provides statistics about the number of abortions performed in recent years, ages of the women, reasons etc. It then explains the concept of partial birth, when a fetus is aborted after 21 weeks, and the way that this is carried out is through semi-labor. The paper explains why this is obviously a very controversial issue.

From the Paper
"Three decades ago abortions were legalized, and efforts to have that decision reversed have not stopped since. Abortions used to be handled in back alleys, and dark rooms, with unsterile equipment many times. They were illegal and not something that one could talk about because they were not legally allowed to get them in the first place. The abortion legalization cleared the path for regulation by way of sterilization, and counseling for the patient before and after receiving an abortion procedure(Smith, 1979). While there have been many attempts to reverse the decision, they have been largely futile, because the public believed the service provided pregnant women was made safer by the legalization process. This was the case until a few years ago when the topic of partial birth abortions moved to the forefront. Partial birth abortions have created controversy that rivals the original controversy about abortion legalization."

Tags:fetus, partial, birth

Abstract
This paper explores whether policy endogeneity partially explains the negative relationship generally reported between parental involvement laws and abortion rates, since parental involvement laws are found to be negatively related to both teen and adult abortion rates. Since parental involvement laws may be more likely to be passed in jurisdictions with a higher level of anti-abortion sentiment, both the laws and anti-abortion sentiment may be responsible for lower abortion rates. To explore this possible interrelatedness, a religiosity-level variable was used as a proxy for anti-abortion sentiment, since anti-abortion sentiment might affect abortion rates directly and indirectly through the greater likelihood of the enactment of parental involvement laws.

From the Paper
"The relationship of parental involvement laws and religiosity level to abortion rates was analyzed for teens and adults; regressions were estimated for four age groups: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, and 30-34 years old. Residence county-level 1995 abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws and religiosity levels as well as several control county-level variables--restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, population density, percent of college graduates, extent of poverty, percent of married-couple families, and geographic region. The sample consisted of the 1,008 counties from the 17 states that reported abortion numbers by county and by age group."

Tags:abortion, involvement, laws, parental, rates, research, study

Abstract
The paper begins by defining the anti-abortion position on abortion and then gives the statistics on the position of many countries regarding this issue. The pro-choice lobby is also cited and their views discussed. The body of the paper is based on the views on abortion in four countries: Brazil, China, France, and The United States. Each country has very different positions and laws regarding abortion and all are discussed in-depth. The paper concludes that each person must have a position on abortion. If abortion is wrong, then both mother and baby should be protected, unless it can be shown that one's life might be lost if the pregnancy were allowed to continue. If abortion is acceptable then the mother must be protected and society must understand that there is only one human in this equation.

From the Paper
"There are many people today who believe that abortion is wrong and bad. They recognize that medical science has long since proven conclusively that human life begins at fertilization. Accordingly, they cannot and do not deny that abortion is killing. Further, most also believe abortion is against God's will. But there different peoples and theirs different points of view, even countries have own position on this problem: 39% of the world's women live under restrictive abortion laws: 25% in parts of the world where abortion is permitted only to save a woman's life or is prohibited altogether, 10% where abortion is allowed only when it is necessary to protect a woman's physical health or her life, and 4% in places where abortion is permitted only for these reasons or to protect a woman's mental health."

Tags:abortion, antopology, brazil, france, human, sexuality, usa, cultural, socioeconomic, differences, contraceptive, clandestine

Abstract
This paper contends that few topics in American politics are more explosive and more divisive than abortion. It explains that although the legal history of abortion is relatively short, it is complicated and continues to be actively debated and pursued by activists on both sides of the argument: pro-choice activists are refocusing their fight to achieve greater access to abortions for all women and pro-life activists, while combating these new pro-abortion pursuits, continue to fight for an overturning of the original decision that led to the legalization of abortion, Roe v. Wade. This paper reviews a representation of the literature on the abortion debate, as well as the legal history and moral debate.

From the Paper
"More than thirty years after Roe the jury is still out. Few topics in American politics are more explosive and more divisive than abortion. Perhaps this is because it encompasses a vast combination of one's constitutional rights, moral issues, religious belief .."

Tags:abortion, Roe v. Wade, NARAL, NRLC, pro-life, pro-choice, reproductive rights, pro-abortion, Supreme Court

Abstract
This paper examines the arguments both for and against abortion and answers the question "Should states keep some avenues open for legal abortions?" The paper presents arguments on both sides and contends abortions should not be legal.

From the Paper
"There are few political hot potatoes in America hotter than the issue of abortion. Pro-abortion advocates see abortion as a right that preserves the woman's control over her body, anti-abortion advocates see abortion as wrong because it is murder. Between these two poles are myriad other opinions that fall somewhere on the continuum between them. In the crossfire between the two sides are questions that must be resolved. One of these is the issue of whether states should..."

Tags:abortion, selective, abortion, reproductive, rights, Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants , pro-abortion, anti-abortion

Abstract
The writer of this paper does not dwell on the moral, religious or legal platform of abortion, yet focuses on the debatable issue from a strictly physical standpoint. This paper defines abortion as the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child or the intentional expulsion or removal of an unborn child from the womb. This paper discusses the pros and cons regarding the availability of the RU-486 abortion pill as well as other abortion procedures. The RU-486 pill, which can be used within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, is a milestone to the abortion coalition. This paper examines the argument surrounding the viability of an unborn fetus in which the generally accepted rule for viability is around 28 weeks.

From the Paper
"Cases have been reported of babies born four months premature, and weighing only one pound, nine ounces, surviving. If the abortion advocates could see what was being murdered they may not take it so lightly. For example, Cheryl Kondroski was 21 weeks pregnant when it was discovered that her baby had a very serious heart problem. After further testing showed that there was absolutely no chance of the baby even surviving the pregnancy, the decision was made to terminate the pregnancy. Labor was induced, and the little boy was born. Cheryl and the father were allowed to hold the baby. He was approximately 8 - inches long and weighed a little over 1? pounds. Cheryl said, "His ears were still glued to his head. His eyes were shut, but his mouth was open. Everything, even fingernails and hair on his face, was there." Can anyone see this experience and still say that because this child could not survive on its own it was not a real child? Absolutely not."

Tags:abortion, fetus, controversy, legal, medical, RU-486, pro, life, choice

Abstract
This paper reviews literature on abortion and its relation to studies of sexuality, and health issues. The paper discusses the view held by some that abortion is antithetical to the long-term health of the mother, while other believe that preventing abortion can be a health issue for some women. The paper points out that abortion is an issue that is part of human sexuality, and a concern about abortion might prevent sexual activity for some, just as the possibility of an abortion might make some unnecessarily careless about birth control.

From the Paper
"Abortion is a highly contentious issue in America today and has been at least since the Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal. The question remains as to whether or not abortion should be legal, and while this is certainly a medical issue, the argument over the question is more often a political one. On the extreme ends of the spectrum are those who believe abortion should be made illegal in all circumstances, usually as an assertion of moral principle and supposedly a recognition of the importance of life; and those who believe abortion is entirely a matter of personal choice on the part of the mother and should be legal whenever requested. A number of intermediate positions can also be cited, from allowing abortion only for victims of rape and incest to restricting abortion under certain circumstances."

Tags:abortion, review, literature

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that abortion today has become a highly contentious ethical issue and the limits to which it is enforced within a legal system is primarily centered on the rationale of an unborn baby being (un)able to claim personhood. The writer points out that arguments are numerous both for and against this and are ultimately aimed at legally justifying access, or restriction, to abortion services. This essay argues that grounds for legalizing abortion are not conclusive and that they are in-fact arbitrary and fallacious in some cases. The writer puts forth a case for illegality in abortion law except under exceptional circumstances, through the objection of the pro-abortion arguments of fertilization being process, and a fetus is only a potential human being.

From the Paper
"To insinuate that there is no difference between an ovum before and after fertilization is contrary to current scientific inquiry. The proposition of using the 'process' argument as a justification on relaxing the legal limit to abortion is at very least vague and the consequences of being wrong is worrisome. Being able to distinguish an exact point of personhood, based on subjective criteria, on a continuum, comes across as impossible and plagued by arbitrary judgments.
"Garrett Hardin, formally professor of biology at the University of California in Santa Barbara, writing before the 1967 legalizing of abortion in the United States reasons that the killing of very young embryos is not the same as killing at another stage in life, claiming we are not the same person at different stages of life."

Tags:abortion, legal fertilization fetus

Abstract
This paper discusses the negative effects of abortion. Abortion is the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child. But this is only part of the story as abortion also hurts the woman involved. Abortion affects women physically, emotionally, and spiritually. When an abortion is performed on a woman, she becomes subject to many physical complications. Blood loss during the procedure causes diversion of blood flow to various organs and can result in shock.

Tags:negative, effects, abortion

Abstract
This paper addresses the ethical perception of abortion as presented in the article, "The Right of Abortion" by Harriet Pilpel. This article is considered one of the most important documents in this history of the ethical issues of abortion, as it was first published in June of 1969 and summarizes the rights of women to receive abortions. Other sources shall be consulted to support this argument.

Tags:CRIMINAL JUSTICE, LEGAL ISSUES, CENSORSHIP, POLICY / HUMAN RIGHTS, right women abortions