Abstract
In many contemporary tribal communities, dual justice systems exist. One is based on what can be called an American paradigm of justice and the other is based on what can be called an indigenous paradigm. The paper shows that the Australian legal system is beginning to recognize the establishment of the Aborigine indigenous communities and hopes to develop programs that investigate legal issues in a more culturally sensitive manner. Canada has also encountered cultural problems in their justice system with the sentencing of aboriginal offenders and is working to implement alternative sentencing measures for Aborigine offenders. Many other countries are following Australia and Canada's lead. The paper details the Aborigine indigenous justice system which is based upon a holistic philosophy.

From the Paper
"The model of the American justice system is different from the Aborigine's because there is a concentration of frequent separation of powers. Politics and religion are to remain separate states, therefore, any spiritual needs of the offender or victim are not the responsibility of the court. The victim is often overlooked, while the system concentrates on serving justice and punishing the offender of the crime. Many of those who study indigenous justice systems are beginning to advocate that the community must begin to participate actively in handling both the criminal and the victim (LaPrairie, 1998)."

Tags:Criminal, Code, Tribal, Society, family, forums, Cultural, diversity

Abstract
The paper discusses the plight of the Australian Aborigine as a result of British colonization. In addition, the paper discusses the traditions, religion and cultural aspects of these people and their suffering as a result of their treatment in myriad forms of injustice and oppression. The paper continues by suggesting a manner in which they could be integrated into Australian society without losing their identity.

Outline:
Social and Economic Organization
Religion and Ritual
Introducing Change
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Aborigines are a very religiously-oriented people. Indeed, as mentioned above, religious is highly integrated in all aspects of their lives. According to the Aboriginal Culture Web page, the religion of these people is based upon a system of various deities represented by the physical world around them. They therefore worship their deities via elements of nature such as plants and rocks. "

Tags:targeted, social, change, education, injustices, initiatives, community, development

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the colonization of Australia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by the Europeans and examines the effect it had on the native Aboriginal people. It looks at how an incident in 1926 when a Aborigine killed an Australian causing the murder of the whole tribe, led the Aboriginal to reconsider their situation and to organize themselves to initiate a movement, a protest against the brutality and discrimination against them. It examines how in the late 1920s and 1930s, the modern movement for the Aboriginal rights began and looks at the governmental policies and changes that resulted ever since.

From the Paper
"These organizations made in the 1930s demanded that Native population must be saved and that the government should implement policies which would guarantee the safety and protection of the Native people and their lands. The government of Australia took some steps to provide some sort of relief to the Aboriginal population, the government created more reserves, but these had strict control of the government. The Europeans settled in Australia had always considered the Aborigines as inferior beings with primitive culture and life style. It was believed that the population of Aborigines would soon die out but this was challenged by the mixed race children which started to spring up in Aboriginal settlements. The Native people understood that in order to gain complete freedom and end of racial oppression they have to fight for the rights of the Native people [Miller, 1985]."

Tags:discrimination, government, colonization, freedom, rides

From the Paper
"Mankind has evolved through the ages due in large part to biological cultural adaptation that have allowed his to survive environmental factors. The purpose of this paper will be to examine one group, the Australian Aborigine, discussing the combination of biological and cultural adaptations that have permitted these people to live and flourish in harsh and primitive conditions through the centuries until the arrival of the White Man. Included in this analysis will be a look at any dysfunctional aspects of their adaptations, such as genetic load, self-destructive customs. Further, the report will summarize key differences between their biological and cultural evolutions and conclude with my thoughts as to which is the more significant for the Aborigine's future in Australia.

Like all peoples, the Aborigines have a history, though ..."

Abstract
Modern Aboriginal Canadians living in British Columbia suffer from a much higher rate of lifestyle-related health problems than do non-Aboriginals. For example, Aboriginal rates of drug addiction, alcoholism, diseases related to smoking, and diseases related to prostitution, such as STDs and AIDS, are much higher than are the rates of non-Aboriginals (Carter 1). Family violence problems are also much more prevalent (Carter 1). This is a direct result of the unhealthy state of Aboriginal society, and this in turn is a direct result of the fact that the building blocks of Aboriginal society, i.e. Aboriginal families, are in very poor shape. Poor parenting is commonplace. As has been noted, "Poverty and family dislocation are the norm among Aboriginal families" (Robertson 555). This fact has nothing to do with any intrinsic Aboriginal inability to parent properly. Aboriginal families were doing very well before the advent of colonialism. It is since colonialism that Aboriginal families have largely collapsed. Furthermore, it was no accident that colonization caused

From the Paper
Residential Schools Modern Aboriginal Canadians living in British Columbia suffer from a much higher rate of lifestyle-related health problems than do non-Aboriginals. For example, Aboriginal rates of drug addiction, alcoholism, diseases related to smoking, and diseases related to prostitution, such as STDs and AIDS, are much higher than are the rates of non-Aboriginals (Carter, 2001, 1). Family violence problems are also much more prevalent (Carter, 2001, 1). This is a direct result of the unhealthy state of Aboriginal society, and this in turn is a direct result of the fact that the building blocks of Aboriginal society, i.e. Aboriginal families, are in very poor shape.

Tags:aboriginal, schools, residential

Abstract
The paper explores the situation which confronts aboriginals in Canada in the early years of the twenty-first century. Particularly, the paper provides a brief profile and/or portrait of Canadian aboriginals during the present age, as well as offering a critical assessment of Bone's aboriginal/non-aboriginal fault line. Moving forward, the paper also offers a critical commentary on aboriginal land claims and ponders their importance to the future status of aboriginal peoples in Canada. The paper concludes that Canada's modest aboriginal population faces a number of challenges, but the land claims process may also provide it with a number of opportunities otherwise unavailable.

Tags:aboriginal, canadians, land

Abstract
This paper reports that 8.4 per cent of the total 661,730 population of Winnipeg is aboriginal, which is the second highest percentage of the 13 major Canadian cities. The author points out that the young age of the majority of the aboriginals in Winnipeg is very important because it can have a major impact on the need for more educational and welfare services. The paper stresses that the effects of poverty and housing issues may be a major cause of poor health among aboriginal people in Winnipeg. The author relates that the demographic profiles seem to indicate that social and economic disadvantages facing aboriginal people in Winnipeg have been limiting their educational achievements. The paper includes several quotations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Aboriginal Population of Winnipeg
Income, Employment and Poverty
Housing Issues
Health Issues
Education Issues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The differences in incomes between aboriginal people and non-aboriginal people in Winnipeg can be partially explained by differences in employment and unemployment rates. The total employment rate for Winnipeg in 2001 was 64.8 per cent and the unemployment rate was 5.6 per cent. The employment rate for aboriginals in Winnipeg is only 55.1 per cent and the unemployment rate is 14.3 per cent. This would seem to indicate that the higher unemployment rate in the aboriginal population of Winnipeg is a major factor in the poverty of that population."

Tags:population, cities, non-aboriginal, rate, profile

Abstract
The paper argues that Paul Tennant's article, "Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Title in British Columbia Politics," makes a significant contribution to our understanding of contemporary governance in Canada's westernmost province. The paper shows how by highlighting the historic neglect of native land claims by provincial officials, Tennant's work illuminates why so many native British Columbians are angry at the province - and why they are so determined to see justice done today. The paper also discusses how the article shows how the British Columbian government's efforts to appease native land claims today is rooted, in some way, in an understanding that native title to provincial lands was historically - even if not very enthusiastically - recognized on some level by the Crown. Finally, the paper asserts that the article is exemplary because it shows the evolution of provincial recognition of native land claims over time.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that Paul Tennant's article, "Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Title in British Columbia Politics," makes a significant contribution to our understanding of contemporary governance in Canada's westernmost province. Specifically, by highlighting the historic neglect of native land claims by provincial officials, Tennant's work illuminates why so many native British Columbians are angry at the province - and why they are so determined to see justice done today. At the same time, by citing, among other things, the original 1763 Royal..."

Tags:aboriginal, land, title

Abstract
This paper examines in-depth the issue of Aboriginal self-government in Canada and its implications for public administration in the country. The paper further shows how this approach has already remolded itself to suit the new reality of self-government. The paper also considers the history of aboriginal self-government in Canada and how attitudes expressed in the laws of the land kept aboriginals from exercising their full rights.

From the Paper
" The following paper/report is about aboriginal self-government, how it came about, and what it means for public administration in Canada. In the end, the class will hopefully learn about the evolution of Canadian public administration vis-AfA -vis natives and why it has taken on the shape it has. Structure of the paper/presentation * History of the phenomenon (some basic terms, such as "assimilation"..."

Tags:aboriginal, self, government

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a report on a given city in Canada and looks at the issues facing aboriginal people in that city. The writer notes that the aboriginal people in Canada still face various problems and hardships today. The writer examines this issue in the city of Winnipeg and maintains that it is clearly shown how the aboriginal population is impoverished, poorly housed, under employed, undereducated and in poor health.

From the Paper
"Aboriginal people have a long history in Canada. Since European people colonized Canada aboriginal people have and continue to experience a wide range of problems. For example, in 'The Embodiment of Inequity: Health Disparities in Aboriginal Canada' Naomi Adelson argues," A history of colonialist and paternalistic wardship, including the creation of the reserve system; forced relocation of communities to new and unfamiliar lands ..."

Tags:aboriginal, people, winnipeg