Abstract
The paper discusses Freud's theories that bring sexuality into the field of psychology and into a more conscious realm. The paper explains Freud's theory on infantile sexuality, his phases of psychosexual development, his understanding of sublimation and the causes of sexual aberration. The paper notes the controversy surrounding Freud's work, but believes that Freud has moved humanity in the right direction by getting men and women to talk and think about sexuality, rather than accepting the social gender structure as truth.

From the Paper
S"Sigmund Freud is a monumental figure in the history of psychology for many reasons including his invention of psychoanalysis, his recognition of the unconscious, and his chutzpah for bringing sexuality into the field of psychology and into a more conscious realm. For these reasons and more, Freud has been enormously praised, and at the same time, severely castigated. On the topic of sexuality, especially, Freud's theories may be highly liberating socially and individually and yet offensive and even ridiculous. For instance, though many feminists and others have expressed their arguments against the masculine framework in which Freud's theories lie; indeed, it is he who has initiated a move towards to the egalitarian society humanity might yearn for."

Tags:psychosexual, development, libido, perversions, gender

Abstract
The paper analyzes the article "Small-Molecule MDM2 Antagonists Reveal Aberrant p53 Signaling in Cancer: Implications for Therapy" and explains the conclusions reached by the authors. The paper is of the opinion that the conclusions may have been slightly optimistic. The paper outlines the method used by the study discussed in the article and notes several limitations of the study.

Outline:
Summary
Method

From the Paper
"The main focus of the article is around the protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2). MDM2 is a negative regulator of the p53 tumour suppressor protein. This is done through three mechanisms. Firstly, MDM2 binds at the p53 transactivation site and blocks its activation of transcription initiation [1]. Secondly, it participates in the nuclear export of p53 [1]. Thirdly, it serves as a ubiquitin ligase, promoting the degradation of p53. When p53 is activated, it can bring a halt upon the cell cycle and cause apoptosis [1]. This is very important as p53 acts as a transcription factor, the inactivation of which halts cellular apoptosis. In approximately half of all tumours that are malignant, p53 is perminantly disabled or deleted. However, in the other 50% of mutated cells, p53 simply remains inactive the misexpression of MDM2, which interferes with the proper functions of p53 [1]. So the object of the article is that disruption or inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction may correct p53 functioning and serve as a form of cancer therapy, such as suppression of tumour growth. Subsequently the problem that the authors tackle with is how to inhibit the actions of MDM2."

Tags:nutlin, cells, mice, tumors

Abstract
This paper explains that, while modern technology and advances in medical science have succeeded in alleviating suffering for mankind to a large extent, they also have made it possible for prolonging the agony and suffering of terminally-ill people. The author points out that the major arguments against euthanasia are unsustainable. The paper stresses that taking away the right of terminally-ill people to make a decision about dying with dignity is an aberration in any compassionate modern day society.

Table of Contents
Different Kinds of Euthanasia
The Ethical and Legal Considerations
The Arguments against Euthanasia and their Rebuttal
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another argument against euthanasia is that once we permit any form of euthanasia, it would put us on a "moral slippery slope" leading to targeting of vulnerable groups of people and euthanasia would be used as a "cost cutting solution" by putting elderly and 'non-productive' people to death. Such alleged psychological inevitability of moving from voluntary to non-voluntary euthanasia is not supported by credible evidence. The example of Hitler's Germany is irrelevant because what the Nazis practiced was eugenics and terming it as euthanasia is a misnomer. Evidence from the Netherlands (where euthanasia is legal) is more relevant and serious studies on the subject reveal that there has been no slide on the "slippery slope" there."

Tags:voluntary, assisted, passive, religious, legal

Abstract
This paper discusses how Jack London's "To Build a Fire" is an almost perfect example of naturalistic fiction and how the philosophy that drives such fiction is determinism, which says that nature is determined by the physical laws that describe it. The paper looks at how the protagonist is depicted as being at one with nature and how he is moved by instinct to prospect for gold in inhospitable conditions, and relies almost entirely on instinct to survive. The paper also discusses how we are made to compare the survival tactics of the man with that of his dog and how we are made to see that the man's capacity to think is his disadvantage, and is ultimately the cause of his downfall. London presents determinism as the law of nature, and where man's capacity to think becomes an aberration.

From the Paper
"London hardly enters into the character of the man throughout the story, and all we are left with in the end are characteristics. In this sense there is very little to distinguish between the portrayal of the man and his companion the dog. It is as if the author is giving us a description of a process, and that free will has no place in the scheme of things. In the very beginning we are told that the circumstances in which the man found himself would normally have induced philosophical or spiritual ponderings on mortality and "man's frailty in general" (Baym 977). But the man is totally lacking in such tendencies, and we are meant to see this as his strength. If the man had succumbed to such tendencies the drama of 'nature pitted against man' would never have taken place."

Tags:surviva, instinct, naturalism

Abstract
This paper discusses how, although tradition has often held that homosexuality was an aberration, something to be feared and shunned, times are changing. It looks at how gay culture has become increasingly more visible and considered more valid due to high profile individuals, movements, and trends made accessible through various types of media. It shows how the ever-visible presence of homosexuality is challenging traditional views, changing what society considers an acceptable lifestyle and how these societal alterations are observed in the media, the church, government, and economics in a time when gay culture has become an integral part of pop culture and mass society, in general.

From the Paper
"There seems to be a need for token homosexual character on all sit-coms currently on the air. This incessant need for a gay presence may be to prove that the show is, in a sense, current and cool. Greenman (1998) outlines the chronology of gay appearance in television. The first major gay character on television appeared in the seventies, when Billy Crystal played the character Jodie Dallas on the program "Soap." However, the presence of his character on the show was only due to the fact that his homosexuality was seen as a problem. The eighties saw attempts of legitimacy for gay characters on television, which often did not succeed. AIDS became a prominent health threat for the gay populace, and homosexually then took a turn towards drama on television."

Tags:mass, society, media, aids, lesbians

Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the time has come for the US legislature to do away with anachronistic laws that support a dubious "gun culture", which is an aberration in a modern, developed society, and that the ability to bear arms should be a privilege instead of a right in the 21st century. The paper begins by tracing the origins of the "gun culture" in America and then presents the history and interpretation of the Second Amendment, which supposedly gives the right of bearing arms to the citizens. Next, the paper reviews both sides of the argument for and against gun control, and then presents arguments in favor of making laws that would make the bearing of arms in the 21st century a privilege instead of a right.

Outline:
Origins of the American "Gun Culture"
The Second Amendment, its Background and Interpretation
Supreme Court's Interpretation of the Second Amendment
Does the Proliferation of Guns Promote Crime and Violence?
The Economic Cost of Gun Violence
Public Opinion about Gun Control
Reasons Why More Stringent Gun-Control Measures are Still not in Place?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Articles of Confederation, drafted and formulated during the Revolution, was America's first Constitution. The document, too, reflected the authors' suspicion of standing armies and a strong central government. The Articles severely restricted the powers of the Congress and gave maximum autonomy to the States. The responsibility of national defense was placed on the State militias instead of a national army and the Congress could not exercise any military powers unless 9 of the 13 States consented. Article VI specifically stated: "every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred." Before long, however, the founding fathers realized that the Articles were unworkable for running of an effective government because of the extremely limited powers granted to the central government. The fighting abilities of a volunteer militia as compared to a disciplined, professional army had already been exposed during the Revolution, and even George Washington had expressed his reservations about their effectiveness in private despite his public pronouncements in support of the citizen militia . "

Tags:Second, Amendment, violence, firearms

Abstract
This research will examine the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 in Massachusetts Bay Colony and set forth evidence from contemporaneous sources that they were politically motivated.
It is a commonplace of prerevolution American history that the Salem witch trials and executions of 1692 were an aberration of the general tendency toward shaping society in line with ideas of personal and political liberty. But that line of thought ignores the complexities of creating a new civil society in the wilderness.

From the Paper
"This research will examine the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 in Massachusetts Bay Colony and set forth evidence from contemporaneous sources that they were politically motivated.
It is a commonplace of prerevolution American history that the Salem witch trials and executions of 1692 were an aberration of the general tendency toward shaping society in line with ideas of personal and political liberty. But that line of thought ignores the complexities of creating a new civil society in the wilderness. Further, it ignores the fact that those who built that society, namely Massachusetts Bay, were amalgams of their personal and group history in England. As matters turned out, by 1792 Massachusetts had achieved a political reputation associated with political radicalism and a progressive, liberal republican government. However, the evidence of the Salem trials and..."

Abstract
This paper supports Browning's thesis that the despicable behavior of Hitler and his allies towards another race, as seen in World War II, is no aberration but is rather entirely possible and even probable in other places and times. The writer makes reference to Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban comparing the organization to a totalitarian regime.

From the paper:

"Drawing extensively on primary source material, including transcripts of investigations and war crime trials, Browning asks how "ordinary men" could have carried out the horrific acts that are described in his book in such detail. His answer is disturbing, because he avoids facile generalizations that would provide a comfortable psychological distance between "us" and "them.""

Tags:scapegoat, Police, Battalion, 101, Nazi, invasion, Poland, murderers, Jews, anti-Semitism, racism

Abstract
This paper supports Browning's thesis that the despicable behavior of Hitler and his allies towards another race, as seen in World War II, is no aberration, but is rather entirely possible and even probable in other places and times. The writer makes reference to Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban comparing the organization to a totalitarian regime.

From the Paper
"Drawing extensively on primary source material, including transcripts of investigations and war crime trials, Browning asks how "ordinary men" could have carried out the horrific acts that are described in his book in such detail. His answer is disturbing, because he avoids facile generalizations that would provide a comfortable psychological distance between "us" and "them."

Tags:scapegoat, Police, Battalion, 101, Nazi, invasion, Poland, murderers, Jews, anti-Semitism, racism

Abstract
This paper explores and compares the multiferous interpretations of two movies "Blade Runner" (1982) and "Brave New World" (1994). The paper shows how the contexts of the two movies are markedly different -"Blade Runner" exists in a context in which there is a growing support for libertarianism, influencing the increase in environmentalism, both of which detect the intended environmental and anti-authoritarian didactic of the texts, while "Brave New World" creates an aberration of the original intent, complicated by the mutating religious values of society.

From the Paper
"The final scene of Brave New World disseminates Huxley's opinion that the suppression of human nature will ultimately lead to one's demise, a message which is especially prominent to the libertarians. Libertarian is a term to describe those who revile the concept of suppression and as such a message of freedom would be interpreted. The suppression of one's human nature creates a spiral of depression which will result in the obliteration of oneself. The savage attempted to suppress his feelings for Lenina, yet ultimately failed in his attempt. The savage had been taught, conditioned by his society that lust as with "every evil inclination has to place itself under such great restraint, don so many masks, lay itself so often on the procrustean bed of virtue" (Nietzsche), his feelings for Lenina were perceived to be evil, being contrary to the teachings of, in this case, the bible. The contradiction of his feelings and his teachings led to confusion as to the correct course of action, confusion which led to the complete suppression of emotions. The suppression of his emotions resulted in a decent into a self- destructive spiral, beginning with the use of self- punishment as a source of redemption, an act which brought him great pleasure, developing masochist instincts. The savage ultimately commits suicide, hanging himself in the tower, unable to repress his desires. The tower is a symbol of the self-destructive spiral, the concentric circles of the tower leading to the death of The savage. The suppression of human desires ultimately leads to one's demise as one enters a self-destructive spiral, until one destructs. Within Blade Runner there is an overt condemnation of oppression and suppression within the conclusion."

Tags:context, dystopian