Abstract
This paper explores the similarity in the conditions that prevailed in both the Ottoman and Persian empires at the end of the nineteenth century and the challenges posed to those empires by their involvement with and exposure to European commerce, science and ideas. The author argues that both Cevdet and Khan took similar rhetorical approaches in arriving at a conceptualization of reform that was both modern and democratic yet rooted in the Islamic tradition. The paper stresses that Cevdet and Khan were situated within intellectual and religious trajectories of the time, which were seeking alternatives to the prevailing interpretations of Islam through Baha'ism and Pan-Islamism.

From the Paper
"Having spent a lot of time in Switzerland, Cevdet was acquainted with European ideas of the time, such as French and German scientific materialism, social Darwinism and positivism. He saw the decline of the Ottoman Empire as the product of it not being European, and felt that it was the responsibility of the intellectuals to change this condition. For Cevdet, the Islamic religion in its traditional incarnation, was an obstacle to the changes required to contemporize Ottoman society and politics and he therefore felt that it was necessary to modify the Islamic religion."

Tags:traditional, exposure, european, modify, interpretations

Abstract
This paper discusses the "New Straits Times" article, "Defining Clearly What's Terrorism" written by Ashraf Abdullah. The paper denounces Abdullah's attempts to influence readers to be against the American military actions in Afghanistan. The paper claims that while Abdullah argues for an interpretation of long-standing international law that would make hostages to terror of every nation on earth, the argument is specious both on its own merits and in regard to the hundreds of years of international 'case law' that supports full well the ability of a nation to seek out those who would harm it and pre-empt their plans.

From the Paper
"It's difficult to summarize an article that traveled across the linguistic and logical universe without reaching a destination. Still, the few coherent thoughts in the Abdullah article lead to the conclusion that the article's entire purpose was to gently lead readers to a point of view against U.S. incursions into Afghanistan, which were on the military maps even as Abdullah wrote. Granted, it was a mere week and a day after the World Trade Center terror attacks when he wrote his piece. But that having been said, Abdullah showed neither sympathy with the American plight, nor any truly persuasive arguments against what the U.S. was planning to do: find Osama bin Laden in his lair, presumed to be in Afghanistan. Hindsight being as clear as it is, it is plain to many, now, that either Osama bin Laden is as untraceable as a dust mote, or the U.S. :A) is incompetent, B) never intended to find bin Laden, but was simply setting out a red herring for the real expedition against Hussein, or, C) some other scenario neither hawks nor doves have thought of."

Tags:afghanistan, america, osama

Abstract
The paper examines the similarities in the approaches to reform taken by Ottoman Empire reformer Abdullah Cevdet and Persian Empire reformer Malkum Khan at the end of the nineteenth century. The paper discusses how both men saw similar issues at work in the encounter of culture, politics and economics between their empires and the European influence and strove to integrate modern ideas with Islamic principles.

From the Paper
"This paper seeks to explore the similarity in the conditions that prevailed in both the Ottoman and Persian empires at the end of the nineteenth century, and the challenges posed to those empires by their proximity to, involvement with and exposure to European commerce, science and ideas. In particular, this paper examines the approaches taken by two reformers, Abdullah Cevdet in the Ottoman Empire and Malkum Khan in the Persian Empire, to the problem of modernization on the one hand, and the need to retain the integrity of the Islamic religion and the independence..."

Tags:cevdet, khan, reform

Abstract
This paper looks at how both Charles Dickens, in his novel "Hard Times" and Abdullah Hussein, in his novel "Emigre Journeys", deal with the subject of fathers. It looks at how the family as a place of anguish as it is to be a place of refuge during hard times and how the two authors explore this dynamic in different contexts.

From the Paper
"Both Charles Dickens in his novel Hard Times and Abdullah Hussein in his novel "Emigre Journeys" remind us of something that most of us already know but would like to forget which is the fact that during hard times the family is as likely to be a place of .."

Tags:father, labor, immigrant, industrialization

Abstract
This paper discusses the beginnings of Islam, with a clear focus on the prophet Mohammad ibn Abdullah. The paper describes the events that occurred leading up to the widespread belief in Mohammad and the surge of conversion to Islam. It explores the prophet's teachings and the Islamic belief of one God. The issue of the initial practice of praying towards Jerusalem and the change of direction to Mecca is also examined.

From the Paper
"Before Islam was founded by the prophet Mohammad ibn Abdullah, the Arab world had trade centers and profitable business routes along the coastal plains of Arabia. The city of the Prophet's birth had grown into the most significant center of finance and a formidable settlement. From this prosperity and power grew a constructive arena for business and spiritual benefit. With the Arab tribes parting from the nomadic way of life, they grew aware of the social difficulties. The Prophet came with a new way of life for the Arabs."

Tags:mohammad, ibn, abdullah, muslim

Abstract
In this paper the author examines how British rule has made an impact on Indian politics. Making comparison to Abdullah Hussein's characters in "Weary Generations", the author suggests that British rule, in modern Indian politics, continues to be "an unhappy marriage that still is not broken". The second section of the paper discusses political institutions in contemporary India and their relevance, whilst the third section looks at Indian ancient civilization which the author suggests has led to a modern day philosophy of non-violence, religious tolerance. The paper concludes with a look at democracy in India as compared to that in China and Japan.

From the paper:

"The English made many external changes that led to the Indian people's desire and ability to become their own unified country. Although unification may never have happened without the influence of the British, it was the Indians themselves that eventually achieved their unity. The British could not completely unify India."

Tags:abdullah, hussein, weary, generations, cannadienne, ornamentalism, empire, capitalism, rule, of, law, democracy, colonial, dalit, protective, discrimination, phoolan, devi, criminalization, gandhi, sakas, huns, pathans, mughals, rabindranath, tagore, bharat, tirtha, pilgrimage, china

Abstract
This paper examines the failures in King Fahd of Saudii Arabia's reign. It shows that despite the fact that he was born a prince of the House of Saud, he does not have the credentials of a modern, educated, leader with a global understanding and perspective. The paper examines his failure as an Islamic leader as well as the failures in the King's foreign, economic and domestic policies. The paper also looks at Saudii Arabia's future, with the future king, Prince Abdullah, at its helm.

From the Paper
"During the reign of King Fahd, the economic position of the Kingdom has become increasingly dismal. The five-year plans that have been promulgated have been a monument to the failure of the country to achieve its major goals of diversification of industry and distribution of goods and wealth throughout the country. Some of the foreign policy initiatives of Fahd -- particularly his movement toward the United States -- have been dictated by his failures to right the course of the economy. Thus, the country has become more and more dependent on direct and indirect economic support from the United States."

Tags:Makkah, Al, Mukarramah, Khaled, Osama, bin, Laden

Abstract
This paper examines the country of Jordan, focusing on the more recent years of political liberalization. The paper begins with a brief history of the political situation in Jordan, starting with its first parliamentary elections in 1989. The writer explores how the monarchy of Jordan was affected by the change to a democratic and open political make-up.

Contents
Jordan
Political Liberalization
What: Democratic Discourse and Monarchical Praxis in Jordan
Jordan's Democratic Discourse: Reading Between the Lines
Why? Explaining Recent Political Liberalization
Liberalizing Monarchy
Bibliography

From the Paper
"This extraordinary rate and level of political opening in current years in and of itself creates Jordan commendable of additional study. As well this, on the other hand, more than a few other issues make the case of particular concentration. Primary, Jordan symbolized a case of liberalization in a monarchical management. Such political systems, increasingly uncommon in the contemporary world, but excessively established in the Middle East, have mostly been unnoticed in most of the accessible literature on Third World democratization. In order to understand the political liberalization in Jordan, we must analyze the political history, as well as the recent transformations in the political structure so as to comprehend the real political players and their role in Jordanian politics."

Tags:kinf, abdullah, democracy, monarch, israel, liberal

Abstract
A detailed analysis of the Kurdish question following the Gulf War. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the Kurdish history, as well as an examination of current situations. The national movements, the history of the problem and other aspects are looked at in close detail and tied together to present a systematic research approach to the Kurdish question.

From the Paper
"The people themselves are building a national identity however. They sing national songs, they have a language that belongs to their ;nation, and they even have a currency that is exclusively Kurdish. In Kurdistan children are taught the history of their people and they are taught to have national pride. Like the person who lives out of hotels, but still is alive, the Kurdish consider themselves a nation without a home. The national identity has never been dependent on having land to call their own as they moved from place to place trying to find a permanent residence."

Tags:Saddam, Hussein, United, Nations, Turkey, Abdullah, Ocalan, Iraq

Abstract
This paper discusses Jordan, constitutional monarchy of over five million people located immediately east of Israel, north and west of Saudi Arabia, and south of Syria, in the Middle East. It provides a brief overview of the history of the country, and, in particular, looks at its relationship with the State of Israel and how it affects its relationship with the other Arab countries due to the Intifada and War on Terror.

Outline
Introduction to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Brief History of Jordan
Today's Middle East Realities for Jordan (and Israel)
Jordan Currently is Caught Between the "Intifada" and the "War on Terror"
References

From the Paper
"Although the Middle Eastern region of the world is an enormous geographic area, when an important event happens in one Middle Eastern country, it almost always has a dramatic and direct influence on life in other regional nations. A case in point is the recent U.S. attack on Iraq: as a result of the toppling of the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq, Jordan's third quarter exports with Israel fell by 16% compared with the same quarterly period in 2002. "The Irbid Qualified Industrial Zone" is a joint economic venture between Israel and Jordan, which was established in 1994 as part of their peace agreement. The zone reported exports of $91.5 million, compared with $108.5 million during the third quarter last year."

Tags:intifada, israel, palestinions, war, terror, king, abdullah