Abstract
This paper presents a literature review about domestic violence, focusing on both heterosexual and homosexual couples. First, the paper gives the definition of abuse as in the heterosexual and homosexual worlds. Then, statistics and the reasons why domestic violence occurs are also discussed. Additionally, the research points out the differences between the occurrence of domestic violence in straight and gay households. Finally the review explores the use of art therapy in assisting those who have dealt with domestic violence.


Outline:

Introduction
Domestic Violence
Prevalence of Domestic Violence in the Gay and Lesbian Community
Support for Same Sex Couples
Therapy for those effected by Domestic Violence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although both heterosexual and homosexual couples experience domestic violence the psychology of the abuse is somewhat different because the partners are the same gender. For instance, according to McLennan (2005) the patriarchal theory of domestic violence is not applicable to same sex couples. The author explains that this theory asserts that domestic violence is a result of cultures domination of men over women. As such it cannot properly explain violence within the context of same sex relationships. Although the patriarchal theory is inadequate as it pertains to providing an explanation for somesic violence amongst same sex couples, there are other theories that do provide some explanation. The authors explain "Island and Letellier (1991) attributed partner abuse to perpetrators' personality disorders. Renzetti (1996) asserted the feminist theory, with its emphasis on sociopolitical oppression of at-risk populations, underlies same-gender IPV. Integrating the former two theories, Merrill (1996) proposed the social psychological theory attributing IPV between same-gender partners to oppression, learned behaviors, and individual choices (McClennen, 2005)." The author points out that the social-psychological theory can explains gay male IPV, it does little to explain the domestic violence that occurs amongst lesbian women."

Tags:art therapy, patriarchal theory of domestic violence, same sex couples, trauma

Abstract
It is well known that in the past two decades the increase of school violence by youth has been devastating to those in American school systems. Youth who feel that they have been rejected, treated unjustly or outcast from the school environment have repeatedly picked up weapons and set about murdering those that exist around them, while the rest of the social order watches the aftereffects on national television. It is for this reason that understanding youth violence in the schools is a significant concern for many, although no direct action to end youth violence in the schools has occurred. The psychological, sociological and anthropological factors associated with youth violence in the schools, however, demonstrates that there are specific criteria that is connected to youth violence and that these criterion must be focused upon if youth violence in the schools is to be alleviated. The purpose of the paper, therefore, is to explore the psychological, sociological and anthropological reasons connected to youth violence in the schools and create a foundation of knowledge pertaining to these factors and their potential in assisting with resolving the issue.

From the Paper
The Impact of Youth Violence in the Educational Environment Section I: Introduction and Statement of Purpose It is well known that in the past two decades the increase of school violence by youth has been devastating to those in American school systems. Youth who feel that they have been rejected, treated unjustly or outcast from the school environment have repeatedly picked up weapons and set about murdering those that exist around them, while the rest of the social order watches the aftereffects on national television. It is for this reason that understanding youth violence in the schools is a

Tags:youth, violence, schools

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the different types of violence that occur within prisons. The writer then looks at reasons why such violence occurs and also discusses what could be done to improve the situation. In addition, by looking at violence between prisoners, that includes aggression involving prison staff, the paper consider how this violence affects both parties. The writer points out that there is a need for the government to understand that there are ways to be economical, without putting the lives of prison staff and inmates at risk. The writer concludes that at the end of the day, there really is no alternative and funds must be ensured in order maintain effective safe and secure correctional facilities for prison officers, staff, and inmates.

Outline:
Introduction
The Extent and Diversity of Violence within the US Prison System
Inmate Violence and Conditions
Staff Brutality towards Inmates
Trying to Ebb the Flow
The Effects of Violence on Inmates and Prison Staff
Conclusion

From the Paper
Conditions, according to Kate Randell, are horrendous, and include, "overflowing toilets and pipes; toxic and unsanitary environments; prisoners forced to sleep on filthy floors without mattresses; cells infested with vermin and lacking ventilation" (Kate Randell, Online Article, 1998). Many prisons also have inadequate policies and procedures, concerning the use of force, and prison staff is often deficient in adequate training. Gangs control the majority of inmates within prisons throughout the United States, and violent behavior, including that of bullying, beatings, stabbings, sexual assault, rape, and murder, are all daily events. Each gang has its own dress code, rules, and initiation ceremonies, and is responsible for much of the violence that occurs within correctional institutions.

Tags:prison, violence, law, aggression

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between violence and sports. The paper first asserts that violence in sports is culturally agreeable and goal oriented. The paper then explores recreational violence, including hunting. Next the paper studies how sports legitimize violence and the relationship between sports, violence and masculinity. The paper concludes by studying the effect on male-female relationships of violence in sports.

From the Paper
"This research paper addresses the topic of how violence in sports affects our lives. The following relevant areas are presented..."

Tags:sports, violence, male-female, masculinity

Abstract
This paper discusses violence in the mass media and its impact on children. It contends that the degree as well as the amount of violence that is present in the mass media grows each year with the result that every year children are exposed to more and more lethal violence. The author explains that the result of this exposure to high levels of violence is that children become more accepting of violence and eventually more disposed to commit acts of violence themselves.

From the Paper
"It is all too easy to dismiss the importance of violence in the mass media. Most of us grew up watching cartoon characters bop each other over the head after all and never felt the urge to buy a semi-automatic pistol and slaughter a dozen of our classmates."

Tags:violence, television, computer games

Abstract
This paper argues against the theory that media violence leads to aggression in children. The paper considers a number of factors other than television ownership that cause violence in children. The paper also studies flaws in the causal relationship between aggression and media violence. The paper concludes by suggesting that media violence can be a positive factor, allowing children to cope with self-destructive feelings without resorting to actual violence.

From the Paper
"In response to the point of view that exposure to media violence causes children to act with aggression and violence, opponents of this argument have highlighted research studies that disprove the causal relationship between media violence and..."

Tags:Media violence, aggression, fantasy play, television programs, research studies

Abstract
This paper begins by defining the term "dating violence" followed by the scope of problems associated with the issue. Furthermore, the paper discusses the risk factors involved in dating violence as well as the early warning signs. The paper further highlights the characteristics of both the victims and the perpetrators and what can be done about the issue. The paper then discusses the myths and realities associated to dating violence, backed by statistics and the recent findings by some of the best experts in the related field the research paper.

Table of Contents
Definition of Dating Violence
Genres of Dating Violence
Dating Violence: Indicators
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Violence has many forms and every form is formidable. Heated debate and ongoing extensive research shows the alarmingly increasing rate of dating violence all over the world. In order to well comprehend the issue, it is essential to know the definition as well as the significant information regarding the subject.

"Dating violence has been defined in the following manner:
1) Dating violence can be defined as an error, a threat or a crime committed by one person of an unmarried couple on the other person according to the laws/statements related to dating relationship. Such violence includes any type of sexual abuse, physical violence, verbal or demonstrative abuse. (Sugarman)."

Tags:victim, perpetrator, warning, sign, risk, factor, relationship, crime, unmarried, couple, physical, violence, sexual, verbal, demonstrative, abuse

Abstract
This paper discusses how Katz and Jhally argue that teen violence is a male-centric occurrence caused by socialization that promotes violent masculinity. Males provide a gender-neutral view of teen violence that he believes is caused by parents who engage in domestic violence. It shows how both articles deal with the subject of teenage violence and avoid placing blame on teens for their troubled behavior. Instead, these articles present the idea of imitation as a cause of teen violence, but they differ on who the kids are imitating.

From the Paper
"Males presents his theory of teen violence in a gender-neutral presentation. He focuses on violence in general and omits cases of shootings and mass murder carried out by male teams such as the infamous Columbine High School event. Males points to differences in occurrences of violence between different races and classes as proof that images in mass media aren't as important as family circumstances to contributing to the violence. According to Males, "In practical terms, media-violence theories are not about kids, but about race and class. If TV accounts for any meaningful fraction of murder levels amid poorer, nonwhite youth, why doesn't it have the same effect on white kids?" Unlike Males, Katz and Jhally, believe that trying to view teen violence in a gender-neutral fashion will blind us from understanding and resolving the youth violence problem. They point to school shootings such as Columbine, murder, assault and rape as being predominately a male phenomenon. They also argue that girls are growing up in the same environment as males, but are not responding to their situation in the same violent ways as males are."

Tags:violence, school, imitation, blame, society

Abstract
This paper examines how the causes of school violence extend beyond gangs and gang membership, but how gangs are a significant contributing factor. It analyzes how gang members participate in violent acts at school and how the presence of gangs increases both the availability of weapons and the perceived need to seek the protection of a gang. It looks at the typically three different approaches that are used to manage the risk of school violence-- precaution, intervention and enforcement. Precaution includes taking steps to minimize the opportunity for violence such as metal detectors, intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities and enforcement are those actions taken once an act of violence has occurred.

From the Paper
"Intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities, and on crisis intervention for students who participate in violent (or pre-violent) acts. Effective intervention requires that school personnel and law enforcement work together to ensure that incidents are reported accurately and that opportunities for early intervention are not missed. However, some school officials note that while law enforcement has been generally helpful in areas such as how to conduct a search legally, there remains a lack of knowledge among school personnel about how to conduct such a search effectively (Zolkos, 1996, p. 3)."

Tags:violence, programs, precaution, intervention, enforcement

Abstract
This paper discusses the efforts constantly being made to improve the security environment for Israel and the Palestinian Authority by both sides and by the Quartet, a diplomatic mission consisting of the US, UN, Russia and the European Union, established in 2002 in Madrid by Spanish Prime Minister Aznar to assist in mediating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The writer describes various political factors in the peace process and recent events affecting it. The writer concludes by describing plans for the international summit organized by the US in the last week of November 2007.

From the Paper
"From the Israeli part, at least in theory, it seems that there is political will to succeed in achieving a peaceful security environment for both nations, the Israelis and the Palestinians. After the 2006 elections, Ehud Olmert and the Kadima party became the most important force in the Knesset and therefore it was considered at the time that there would be more political unity in the decisions being taken in the matter of the Middle East peace process. In this sense, his opinions and support for an eventual agreement that would be respected by all the parties involved are constantly expressed in his public statements, more recently while preparing the US held summit in late November 2007. In a different context he expressed his views that "he hoped a peace deal with the Palestinians could be reached in 2008" (BBC News, 2007). Although there are serious differences of opinion among Israeli political parties, it is an already accepted fact that indeed, there is a need for a resolution to the conflict between the two nations and the international framework created at this moment could be an important element in furthering the talks."

Tags:Hamas Gaza terrorist, West Bank, Abbas violence Arafat diplomatic