Abstract
This paper discusses the ABA Pilot Project, a program utilizing behavioral and social learning theories for exceptional children who are autistic. It discusses the ABA perspective of autism. The author explores the attributes of the program.

Tags:social, learning, Autistic, behavioral, learning, autism

Abstract
This paper discusses applied behavior analysis (ABA) and explains that it follows accepted theory that autism is neurologically based and affects a variety of behaviors. An attempt is made in the paper to differentiate between applied behavior analysis (ABA) and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. The paper also relates the seven essential elements that make up the ABA approach and provides general recommendations as to what constitutes a good program. The paper contends that parents' first priority must be to have their child evaluated with an acceptable assessment test. The paper then discusses how the goal of applied behavior analysis may be achieved when the child can be satisfactorily mainstreamed.

From the Paper
"Today it is in the news for its use with children, particularly those children diagnosed with autism. But it is important to make the differentiation between ABA and any of the myriad programs of behavioral modification which rely on it as a basis for their work. ABA is not a program in itself. It is a framework for a scientific approach to the problem. It is, rather, an umbrella under which many different systems and theories can operate. It may seem to be splitting hairs, but ABA is not synonymous with any of the various programs which may claim it as their own private domain."

Tags:behavioral, modification

Abstract
In this article, the writer critiques an article published in the Irish Times on March 20, 2007. The title of the piece is 'New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment' and it confidently asserts that applied behavior analysis can help autistic children overcome their condition. This refers specifically to children who receive ABA out-strip in behavior and, in cognitive performance, those who receive "eclectic" treatment.
The writer concludes that the article falls short of what it could be because it is uncritical, short on methodological specifics, and exhibits a general lack of concern about the notion that the individuals cited in its body may be individuals who have a vested interest in seeing ABA given more credit than it warrants. The article itself is appended to the paper.

From the Paper
"To begin with, there are some positives to the manner in which the aforementioned study is described in the article. For one thing, the article is lucidly-written, so novice readers will not find the text inaccessible or confusing. Further, the writer or writers of the report wisely eschew technical terms, thereby allowing the reader to focus his or her attention upon the important thing in the piece, which is that ABA intervention really does work. Finally, the article does a commendable job of capturing at length the sentiments of two scholars - study author and noted professor Bob Remington of the University of Southampton and Dr Geraldine Leader, chairwoman of the Psychological Society of Ireland's division of Behaviour Analysis - who staunchly support the idea that ABA intervention is the approach to take when dealing with autistic children. Unfortunately, this is where the good things to be said about the article draw to a close."

Tags:ABA, behavior, socio-communication, skills

Abstract
The paper reviews and analyzes specific examples of lawyers' ethical lapses in the film "The Firm," based on John Grisham's best-selling novel, that are blatant violations of the American Bar Association's (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The paper then discusses why Grisham and others portray lawyers negatively and why there is an abundance of skepticism about lawyers' ethical behavior.

Outline:
Violations of ABA's Model Rules of Professional Conduct in The Firm
Background: Why Grisham (and others) Portray Lawyers Negatively
Conclusion

From the Paper
"UCLA Law Professor Michael Asimow ("Embodiment of Evil: Law Firms in The Movies") asserts that lawyers in movies are portrayed as "greedy, heartless, predatory, unethical and often buffoonish or incompetent" (Asimow, 2001, p 2). That having been said, Asimow goes on to explain that "in several respects" the dark treatment lawyers receive in the movies "is generally accurate" (Asimow, p 3). Moreover, the depiction of law firms' "billing improprieties" and "hardball litigation tactics seem "justified" according to Asimow (p. 3).
"On page 16 of his essay, Asimow dips into Grisham's films, saying Grisham (who is also an attorney) "has made a very profitable business of trashing law firms"; about the only "decent human beings and ethical lawyers to be found" in Grisham's books are pro bono lawyers, legal service lawyers, and "young lawyers just entering the profession who have yet to be tainted by it." That last description seems perfect for Mitch McDeere, who is just out of Harvard Law School and is seduced into joining The Firm by a lavish offer that includes a shiny new car, a classy home, a handsome salary and promises of more perks and bonuses if he plays ball with The Firm's many secretive, shadowy guidelines."

Tags:conduct, money, billing

Abstract
This paper summarizes the historiography of women's political activity in Colonial Nigeria, outlining the major contributors to the historiography and the major topics of their literature. The sources included range from early post-colonial references to more contemporary references. It also provides an account of the Abeokuta Women's Union, the most effective women's organization established during the colonial period explaining how it united women for their cause.

Outline:
The African Woman in Political History
Women's War or Aba Riots?
Women's Organizations
Biographies
Absences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Writing the history of women is a daunting endeavor. Yet the historiography of women is meager compared to the possibilities. The historiography of women in Africa is even comparably smaller to the Western counterpart. When mixed with the colonial experience, women in Africa seem to disappear from the historical literature. Where women are historically presented, they are usually portrayed in 'traditional' roles of wife and mother. The literature describing the African woman as political activist is sparse African historiography. However, some historians have ventured into this relatively under-explored arena. In this paper, I hope to summarize the historiography of women's political activism and participation in colonial Nigeria, outlining the major contributors to the historiography and the major topics of their literature.
''Women are pointedly absent from most political historiographies. As early as in Aristotle's philosophy, women were theoretically relegated to the private sphere, while men were allowed access to the public.''

Tags:Nigeria, women's studies, Africa

Abstract
The paper outlines the 'applied behavior analysis' (ABA) approach and the 'treatment and education of autistic and related communication-handicapped children' (TEEACH) approach to teaching and discusses three suggested approaches to reading instruction; bottom-up, top-down and eclectic where there is a mix of bottom-up and top-down modes. The paper examines the literature that shows how students with autism require a reading program that is structured, but flexible because all children with autism seem to express different needs and learning styles. The paper then reveals that the eclectic approach is best, because an autistic student requires several methodologies to obtain the appropriate education.

From the Paper
"When teaching a beginning autistic reader, especially as late as the secondary level, it is necessary to determine the learning methodology that will be best for teaching the required skills. This decision will be based on two different factors: First, students with autism have varying degrees of difficulty with communication, from severe (little to no interaction) to mild (the ability to receive information and provide a response or feedback). In order to teach reading to such a student, it is necessary that there appears to be an interest in labels, letters and words, as well as enough ability and skill level to look at these materials. Once a student recognizes that groups of letters form words that have meaning, and groups of words form sentences that have meaning, it is possible to move to beginning reading material. (Porco, 1989, p. 4)."

Tags:literacy, instruction, flexibility, learning, styles

Abstract
The paper explains that there are numerous treatment options available to treat autistic disorder, but it is important that parents and caregivers are informed and knowledgeable before choosing a therapy. The paper emphasizes that the treatments must be empirically and scientifically grounded.The paper also discusses a variety of treatments and gives their advantages and disadvantages.

Outline:
Introduction
Psychotherapy
Empirically based research
Behavior Therapies
Adlerian view of ABA
Pivotal Response Treatment
Facilitated Communication Training
Video modeling of social skills
Leap
Floortime DIR
Opposition to behavioral therapies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Despite their proven scientific effectiveness, behavior therapies have still suffered much criticism from autistic adults, parents of autistic children, and professionals in the field. The Autism Rights Movement (ARM) is one such group. Followers of this social movement advocate a greater acceptance of autistic behaviors, and object to the use of behavior therapies to extinguish harmless behaviors simply because they are seen as unusual in society. Supporters of the ARM offer a theory of neurodiversity, the idea that autism is simply a variation in functioning that does not need to be cured. Instead of changing autistic people to suit the demands placed on them by society, neurodiversity requests that society become more tolerant of their eccentricities and accommodating to their needs."

Tags:autism, empirical, scientific, psychotherapy, commmunication, training

Abstract
In today's society, lawyers are encouraged to present the option of pursuing alternate dispute resolution to clients as a matter of good practice and lawyers who fail to do so may be subject to malpractice liability. This paper explores the growing popularity of alternate dispute resolution (ADR) due to the high costs, both financially and to relationships, of traditional litigation.

Subtitles in the Paper: Alternate Dispute Resolution; Ethics and Dispute Resolution; The Costs of Conflict; Ethical Issues in Choosing Whether and How to Mediate; Client Satisfaction; Methods of Dispute Resolution in Businesses; The Role of Counsel; Results of Alternate Dispute Resolution; A Lawyer's Duty to Advise About ADR; Ethical Rules of ADR; Lawyer as Client Representative or Advocate; Lawyers as Neutrals; Conflict of Interest; Malpractice and Negligence; History of ADR; Everyday Disputes; Determining the Role of a Mediator; Conclusion.

From the Paper
"Alternate dispute resolution is a practical business and personal solution, as there are significant costs associated with different ways of resolving disputes, which often outweigh the conflict itself .
The direct costs associated with disputes include the fees of lawyers and other professionals. In 1994, nearly 18 million cases were filed in U.S. courts at a cost of $300 billion.
Productivity costs involve the value of lost time, or the cost of what those involved would otherwise be producing. Continuity cost is the eventual end of relationships that would have continued without the conflict. Emotional cost reflects the pain of focusing on emotions and the problems this can cause psychologically."

Tags:American, Bar, Association, ABA, ombuds, Supreme, Court

Abstract
The writer of this paper shows how the religion of Islam lays great stress on the 'oneness' of God. The paper shows how the concept of oneness - Tawhid in Arabic - is one of the fundamentals of the Islamic faith and how great stress is laid on the monotheistic doctrine in the Quran, the Sunnah (teachings of Prophet Muhammad) and by most Muslim scholars.

From the Paper
"Most pagan Arabs, before and up to the time of the Prophet Muhammad, worshiped many gods and divinities and the Ka'aba in Mecca was the most prominent of the sanctuaries in which scores of idols were kept. The Qu'ran in its uncompromising message of monotheism, forbade all worship of idols, man-made objects and more than one God. "Do you worship what you have carved yourself?" The Qu'ran asks in one place (Chapter 37, Verse: 95). In fact, in the Islamic doctrine, even associating any deity or personality with God is considered to be the most deadly sin, which God will never forgive despite the fact that He is called "All Merciful" repeatedly in the Qu'ran and would forgive all other sins."

Tags:Allah, Muhammad, trinitarianism, Jesus, Ka'aba, Muslim

Abstract
The autistic student presents a special challenge to educators because of the nature of the disorder. An autistic child presents not only educational challenges from an academic standpoint, but also presents challenges in the classroom behavioral arena. This paper presents a detailed examination of Autism in the classroom. The writer explores the identification of the disorder, explains the disorder and discusses various methods used in the classroom to teach the child who has the disorder. Among the issues discussed are social isolation, language and cognitive deficits and treatment.

From the Paper
"Another activity that has proven useful with autistic children is to place them in group play. Placing an autistic child in a group where there is one autistic child and two non autistic children allows the autistic child to view the appropriate interactions that can and should occur between peers. This activity allows the autistic child to mimic even if he or she cannot explain or understand why the behavior being mimicked is appropriate.
"Facilitated communication is purported to be a unique and effective communication option for individuals with autism and other severe disabilities(Simpson, 1995).""

Tags:ABA, behaviorial, disorder