Discusses the obstacles to a women's advance in business. Examines reasons, types, biases, career vs. family, affirmative action, lawsuits and corporate reform.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 9 sources, 1995, $ 79.95
From the Paper "Introduction
The "glass ceiling" is a level above which it is difficult for women to move in an organization. It can refer to a management level, salary level or level of responsibility or authority, but the glass ceiling is of concern to women who choose to move in the business world. This research examines the characteristics of the glass ceiling, the factors that have led to its creation, what organizations are doing to combat the glass ceiling, and what individuals who encounter the glass ceiling can do.
Characteristics of the Glass Ceiling
The glass ceiling inhibits the upward movement of women in an organization. While legislation regarding discrimination based on gender prevents overt discrimination, subtle measures have been found to exist ..."
Abstract Nineteenth century British philosopher John Stuart Mill was the most important proponent of utilitarianism, a theory of morality for determining the rightness or wrongness of any action. This paper looks at Mill's 1863 book "Utilitarianism" in which he codified the principles of utilitarianism. The paper shows that Mill's principle of utility is helpful in distinguishing the rightness or wrongness of an action from the motives of the actor or agent. This principle of utility led Mill to support liberal feminism which he saw as morally right because allowing women the chance to make intellectual contributions to society promoted happiness for the greater number of people.
From the Paper "People who sought to prohibit women from working may have had good motives, based on their religious beliefs or their fear of introducing social disorder. However, according to Mill, the result of these prohibitive actions was that society lost the potential contributions of educated women. Mill believed that the harm created by denying women's contributions to art and science far outweighed any potential good that resulted from maintaining the status quo. When judged by the principle of utility, the subjugation of women was thus a morally indefensible attitude that failed to promote the higher good. Despite their supposed good motives, people who fought against women's rights engaged in morally wrong actions."
Abstract This paper discusses the trafficking of women, the use of force and deception to transfer women into situations of extreme exploitation especially sexual exploitation: Women forced to dance nude, perform as sex slaves, held as indentured servants, perform acts of prostitution. The paper points out that the trafficking of women and children for sex and labor is prevalent in all regions of the United States and around the globe. The author feels that the most effective way to tackle trafficking is at the grass roots level, strengthening local economies and educating women and their families about the dangers of enslavement.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Trends
Theoretical Explanation
Merton's Anomie
Radical Theory
Routine Activity Theory
Viewpoint
Recommendations
Comprehensive Preventive Measures
Penal Legislation
Proactive Victim Support
Cooperative International Policies
Better Document Control
Targeted Public Education
Conclusion
From the Paper "Robert Merton's anomie theory explains crime in terms of inequity between culturally approved goals and the means to achieve those goals. The lure of trafficking women is like the lure of trafficking drugs: Easy money and the fulfillment of financial goals. Clearly, traffickers of women do not have equal access or legitimate means of obtaining society's bounty. Since this is an individualist theory, the trafficker does not blame society; rather he blames himself for his shortcomings."
Abstract Discusses her rise to power in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma to Principal Chief. Her early impoverished life. Growing interest in tribal politics. Involvement with Naive Americans in San Francisco. How she helped bring self-sufficiency to her people and helped raise the status of women. Her contribution to the feminist movement in general.
From the Paper "The history of the women's rights movement is littered with trailblazers who led the way before women believed they would achieve equal rights with men in society. From the suffragettes of the early twentieth century to the "girlpower" divas of the new millennium, women have struggled to carve out a voice and message of their own. Significant strides have been made towards gender-equality in the past century, with the right to vote and the right to have an abortion signifying important milestones in the women's movement. And though the news is mostly good, there nevertheless remains a wide gulf in the way women and men are treated in our society. This fact is compounded by the deterioration of the feminist movement from its peak in the nineteen-sixties. As young women look to the new millennium, it is important that they identify leaders to emula..."
A compare and contrast analysis of the attitude toward women in the three main monotheistic religions of today's world--Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
Abstract This paper discusses discrimination against women based on religious beliefs by examining the different creeds of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism and how they affect women. It evaluates the changing role of women in each of the religions and analyzes how the treatment of women in all three religions seems to stem from Eve's original sin in the Garden of Eden. It looks at how Judaism and Christianity have grown more lenient over the years with reforms to the religion such as allowing coed seats in Synagogues and allowing women to preach whereas Islam still preserves its strict treatment and women are considered second class citizens.
From the Paper "In today's world, religions play a much smaller role than what it used to be centuries ago. Still, in many places, cultures, and societies, religion remains the predominant source for norms on human rights, etiquette, how to rule, how to live, think, dress, etc. Although, from a Western point of view, it is hard to imagine that religion would be of such great importance and influence over one's life, there are numerous places where people do not need to imagine--this is their reality."
Abstract Both Mary Wollstonecraft and Karl Marx developed ideas about the way society is formed and the way it should be formed and both did so in economic and social terms. The paper shows that there are considerable differences between the views they take on these topics. Each wanted to change society and each examined the nature of their society and determined what sorts of developments should be taken in the future. The paper examines Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) and Karl Marx's class theory.
From the Paper "Marx and Engels do not speak of individuals as a rule but rather of classes, mass grouping of people according to economic and social position. In the perspective of Marx and Engels, the bourgeois society in which they lived was a system of class conflict and the domination of the bourgeois class over the proletarian class. They described the nature of this society not as an aberration but as a stage in social evolution, succeeding the feudal period and preceding the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This view was based on the idea that these stages were inevitable and that the only way for the proletariat to gain a better position in life was through revolution, through the violent overthrow of bourgeois society."
Abstract This paper provides a few biography pages leading up to the predominant arguments within the works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Includes the analysis of "Herland", "Women and Economics", "The Yellow Wallpaper," and other minor works. Also shows the effects of society on her and other women, and explores her ideas on feminism and child rearing.
From the Paper "Shortly after Charlotte Anna Perkins was born in Hartford, Connecticut, her father moved to San Francisco, abandoning his wife and his two children. Although she was a descendant of the prominent and influential Beecher family, Gilman was born into poverty. "She suffered the pain and cultural deprivation poverty entailed, but that poverty gave her a perspective and a vision she might otherwise have lacked" (Lane 232). Gilman was finally able to attend school at the age of thirteen due to an inheritance from a deceased great aunt. However, this formal education lasted only for four years. She then began to educate herself, earning a living by selling greeting cards and working as an art teacher. However, Lane states, "One can only imagine how a college education might have dimmed her ability to perceive and convey shocking truths".She sees with an uncontaminated eye and brain, because her ideas were never filtered through a conventional educational process, pounded and bludgeoned into a form acceptable to conventional wisdom? (Lane 232). Gilman's struggle through adolescence and early adulthood strongly influenced, along with her experiences as a mother, as a daughter, as a wife, as a friend, as a poet, as a lecturer, and as a writer, the views that she held relating to the nuclear family, child-rearing, sexuality, and marriage. "The emotional side of knowing the world is very much present in Gilman's work, as it was in her life; in her struggle to temper its seductions and its dangers, she denied more than she should have, but she did not entirely repudiate its importance" (Lane 305)."
Abstract Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been a problem and has always been of great importance, but the public's awareness of the issue has not always been high. This paper discusses how in recent years, this trend has changed and it looks at the laws and legislation which govern sexual conduct in the workplace in order to reduce this phenomenon.
From the Paper "The topic has evolved in the lower courts based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits sexual discrimination in the work place. Sex discrimination was not included in the original draft of this legislation but was added at the last minute as an attempt to prevent passage of the Act. As a result, the true intent of Congress in the matter is not known. The first case litigated under this statute was Barnes v. Train some ten years after passage, and the District Court of the District of Columbia rejected the suit as not being the type purposed by the Act. The next case was a year later in Corne v. Bausch & Lomb, Inc. in which two female employees claimed constructive discharge as a result of physical and verbal sexual advances, and the Arizona Federal District Court rejected the suit as not being what was intended by the Act."
Abstract This paper discusses the basic issues of infertility. The statistics of infertility in the United States are presented and its causes are outlined. The paper illustrates and explains the different diagnostic procedures used to determine the causes of infertility. The paper claims that the majority of cases of infertility are treated with drugs or surgery. The emotional and psychological aspects of infertility are discussed. The issues discussed in this paper reveal that the condition is in fact a couple's problem that should be a public health matter.
Introduction
Occurrences of Infertility in the U.S. Population
Causes of Infertility
Treating Infertility
Medical and Health Issues Associated with Infertility
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The desire to have children is almost universal. Thus, whether driven by biology, emotional needs, or social pressure, most adults will seek to have a child at some point in their lives, usually taking for granted that they will be able to do so by the usual biological route (Fidler & Bernstein, 494). However, the inability to conceive a child is a condition that affects millions of Americans each year and has a profound impact on a person's self-esteem, personal relationships, sense of value, and sense of purpose, her health and her pocketbook (Fidler & Bernstein, 494)."
Abstract The issue examined in this research is the impact of immigration on domestic labor markets in the United States. Specific interests of this research are the impacts of immigration on the employment opportunities for women and minorities. The greater part of this current research consists of a review of the literature relevant to the issue investigated. Included in this research also, however, is a proposed research design for an empirical investigation of the issue.
I. Introduction
A. Issue Examined: Effects of Immigration on Domestic Labor Markets.
B. Focus of Examination: Women and Minorities.
C. Presentation Plan.
II. Literature Review.
A. Globalization and Transnational Migration.
B. United States as a Destination Country.
III. Proposed Empirical Research.
A. Justification for Empirical Research.
B. Research Questions: 18 questions.
C. Period of Analysis: 15 years (1986 to 2000).
D. Data Type: Secondary.
E. Analytical Procedure: Regression Analysis.
IV. References.
From the Paper "In the contemporary period, more than at any time in the past, migration is a global phenomenon. In search of employment, higher wages, educational opportunities for themselves and their children, and to escape from persecution and violence, millions of people cross international borders each year. Over one hundred million people now live in a country other than that of their birth, and millions of these immigrants maintain their ethnic identities in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996).
In industrialized societies on average, non-citizens now typically constitute more than five-percent of the population. These large and typically visible immigrant populations are a cause of concern for both governments and their citizens. These concerns lead to questions such as: Do immigrants benefit the economy, taking unwanted jobs and providing needed skills; or Do immigrants displace indigenous workers and burden public resources in their adopted countries (Weiner, 1996)?"
Abstract The paper recounts the story of Elizabeth Bishop's life, from her early beginnings in New England living with her grandparents, through the ups and downs of her professional career as a poet and her turbulent private life, fraught with unstable relationships and drinking problems. The paper also touches on the works she published during her lifetime as well as the awards and honors she received.
From the Paper "After graduating, Elizabeth moved to New York, where she started to launch her literary career. She was writing and being introduced to some editors who started to request poems from her. She also spent a couple of years in Europe, living with Louise Crane, her first partner. In 1938, both Bishop and Crane fell in love with the simplicity of a small town called Key West, in Florida, where they bought a house and established their lives. Even living there, they still had contact with the literary circle of New York, and frequently received writers and artists in their house."
Abstract Throughout history, women have been fed the notion that beauty is all that matters in life. Today, in the 21st century, women are the primary targets of the media industry. The paper shows that media manipulation of women's perspectives related to their appearance routinely occurs, as media moguls persist to work hand in hand with the cosmetic industry, feeding society with unattainable ideals, encouraging women to mutilate themselves for psychological reasons, often with lethal consequences usually hidden in fine print.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Thesis
History and Ideals of Beauty
Modern Day Cosmetic Surgery as a "Panacea", the Cure All for Life's
Problems
Beauty and Unattainable Ideals
Beauty as a Business Industry
Media and Manipulation
Wrong Reasons for Undergoing Plastic Surgery
Lethal Consequences
Conclusion
From the Paper "Initially, "cosmetic surgery" was intended and typically reserved as a repair mechanism to assist wounded and deformed soldiers in war. Soldiers returning from WWI with missing limbs and shrapnel torn faces entrusted their appearance to the hands of skilled surgeons of the time. The development of cosmetic surgery received a push for movement from the need to repair gross deformities sustained in WWI to the need to change normal and typical physical appearances. Early surgeons intended cosmetic surgery for surgical repair of congenital or acquired deformities and the restoration of contour to improve the appearance and function of tissue defects (Kazanjian, 250). Today however, cosmetic surgery takes on a whole new meaning, and the players are participating in a totally different ball game. Though many plastic surgeons are still touted and well received for their remarkable abilities to restore dignity to the deformed, cosmetic surgery has also taken on a new meaning. Cosmetic surgery has become a mechanism women have turned to in hopes of changing not just their appearance, but also their life."
Abstract Recent research reveals that about one percent of the general population suffers from manic-depression and five percent suffers from major depression during their lives. However, the incidence for depression in women is twice as high or more; as many as one in five American women has a history of depression during her lifetime.
This paper examines the causes and effects of depression in both young and older women. It examines existing medical research for both groups, identifies major differences in depression for young and older women and presents a conclusive analysis of observations.
From the Paper "Additional studies reveal that from early adolescence onward, there is a steady increase in the number of women who experience symptoms of depression. Women's risk for depression during their reproductive years also presents a significant social problem, as the risk of depression in children is greater when they have depressed mothers. In addition, depression has been identified as the fourth most common cause of disability worldwide and has surpassed accidents as a major cause of lost work time."
Abstract Today's culture provides males with a number of outlets for the aggression that all humans feel at times. But women, who are also sometimes frustrated and stressed, are allowed no similar culturally approved outlets for their aggression. Or at least they cannot take out their aggressions on the men who are often the cause of their frustrations. As a result, women again and again take out their aggressions on each other when they should be joining together, according to Margaret Atwood in her novel, "Cat's Eye". This paper examines the ways in which society, by suppressing women's natural feelings of aggression towards appropriate targets, causes women to turn their frustration on each other.
From the Paper "We would find Cordelia to be an even less sympathetic character than she is if Atwood did not emphasize the fact that she too is a victim: The misery that she inflicts on Elaine is simply misery that has been inflicted on her by her father and that she can dispose of in no other way. But before she can pass on her own unhappiness to Elaine, it has already fact that as an adult Cordelia (who is miserable as an adult) looks on Elaine as her only true friend from childhood."
Abstract In Alice Walker's classic novel, "The Color Purple", the characters of Celie, Shug Avery and Sophie all manifest inner strength which allows them to transform their difficult lives into ones that are more beneficial for their personal well- being. This paper shall examine these three women in order to demonstrate how inner strength is found in all three, yet that Walker created these characters as individuals in order to convey the unique sense of personal strength in each one.
