Hypertension, ESRD and African-Americans

Paper Summary:

The paper reveals that African-Americans are known to be more affected by end stage renal disease (ESRD) than any other group in North America. The paper shows the links between African-American social status, economic position and environment with hypertension and its progression to ESRD. The paper points out that the outstanding risk factors consist of socio-economic variables and therefore prevention and early treatment are essential strategies for controlling and ending the progression to ESRD for this population.

Outline:
Introduction
Epidemiology
Genetic/ Familial Factors
Pre-existing Diseases/Conditions
Incidence
Prevalence
Socio-economic Environment
Epidemic
Agent
Natural History of ESRD
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Conclusion

From the Paper:

"The host refers to the human being in whom an agent produces a disease. The host also refers to the human population that is at risk of developing the disease. The typical African American host with hypertension ESRD is poor and has little access to health care. Risk factors that increase the susceptibility of African Americans to progress to renal failure are age, gender, pre-existing diseases, lifestyle, and socio-economic factors."
"In the general population there is a strong link between increased age and an increased risk of ESRD. This holds true for African Americans where the average age of new ESRD patients was 61 years (Boone, 2000). A high proportion of the increase in ESRD is in the older age-groups (Pugh & Medina, 1995)."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Bakris, G. (2003). The evolution of treatment guidelines for diabetic nephropathy. Postgraduate Medicine, 113 (5), 35-42.
• Boone, C. (2000). End-stage renal disease in African-Americans. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 27 (6), 597-604.
• Fiorina, P. & Venturini, M. (2005). Natural History of Kidney Graft Survival, Hypertrophy, and Vascular Function in End-Stage Renal Disease Type 1 Diabetic Kidney-Transplanted Patients. Diabetes Care, 28 (6), 1303-1311.
• Hsu. C. & McCulloch, C. (2006). Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144 (1), 21-29.
• Pugh, J. & Medina, J. (1995). NIDDM is the major cause of diabetic end-stage renal disease. Diabetes, 44 (12), 1375-1380.

More papers on Hypertension, ESRD and African-Americans:

• Analytical Essay # 132303 : "African Culture and African Americans"
• Essay # 52344 : "The New Deal and African-Americans"
• Argumentative Essay # 94921 : "Racism and African-Americans"

APA Citation:

MLA Citation: