From the Paper " Until the World Series was sacrificed in 1994, it was easy to ignore the issue of salary caps in sports. Then the National Hockey League season was put on hold and remains in peril. The National Basketball Association began rumors of canceling their season if the players refused to accept salary caps. The one sport that seemed to demonstrate the merit of salary caps, the National Football League, also became newsworthy when prime players started losing their jobs and many others took dramatic cuts in their salaries. Suddenly, salary caps are an integral aspect of professional sports that affect the economics of sports teams and raise emotions between owners, managers, players and fans.
This research examines the economic impact of salary caps in sports and explores some of the arguments for and against.."
Analyzes the world sporting goods market generally. Specific focus on golf & the Philippines. Assesses the economic conditions & popularity of the sport. Includes one page outline.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, 1994, $ 31.95
From the Paper " INTRODUCTION
The world sporting goods market is a key one for the United States, with strong near-term growth potential and a market receptive to U.S. suppliers. The U.S. industry includes equipment for golf, fishing, tennis, physical fitness, gymnastics, archery, bowling, billiards, winter sports, and team sports but does not include camping equipment, athletic apparel and footwear, hunting equipment, or leisure related vehicles. U.S. output reached $7.3 billion in 1993. The industry is highly dependent on the availability of disposable personal income and a favorable debt-to-income ratio. U.S. exports reached an estimated $1.5 billion in 1993, an increase of 5 percent over 1992. A 13 percent increase was projected for 1994. The largest.."
Evolution & development of sports pyschology as well as its physical & psychological goals. Discusses research in the field and idea that it be a seperate college program.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, 1994, $ 119.95
From the Paper " Sports activity has been characteristic of people throughout history. The area of human endeavor called sports involves great numbers of people, both participants and spectators, in almost all the nations and civilizations of the world. Sport psychology is an area which attempts to apply psychological facts and principles to learning, performance, and associated human behavior in the whole field of sports (Lawther, 1972, p. 1).
The motivations and emotional reactions of people involved in sports, both as participants and as spectators, form a part of the study of sports psychology. The psychosocial or group behavior of people concerned with sports performances and competitions form another unit of interest in sports psychology. The basic psychological aspects of the early stages of sports-skill learning, and the later, somewhat different aspects of.."
From the Paper "The games a society plays are a modest but significant part of its cultural essense, if we are to accept that phrase as having any meaning at all. The Duke of Wellington is supposed to have said that the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton, and the Olympic athlete was one of the defining figures of classical Greek civilization. Baseball has long been held out as the quintessentially American game; if so, the successive rises of football and basketball to equal prominence may say something about a newer America, while the historical failure of soccer, the "world game," to catch on in the United States, at least at a professional level, perhaps says something about the distinctiveness of American society.
So it is with other nations and their sports as well. Our concern in the following discussion is with Spain, and with the..."
From the Paper "More and more women have been making inroads into traditionally male-dominated occupations, and one of these is sports reporting in all its forms--writing, broadcasting, interviewing. The response shows many that professional sports players and coaches have a good deal to learn about equality, but at the same time the intrusion of women into the locker room raises a number of questions about proper conduct on both sides. The experiences of a number of the women in this profession will illustrate the matter.
Mariah Burton Nelson works in this arena, and she has found that women sports writers and sportscasters are often made the brunt of sexual jokes in the locker room and are treated as less welcome than male reporters. She asks why this is so and offers one opinion when she writes that the locker room culture is a..."
This paper discusses the status of women in the Olympics as of 1994: Participation in events, media coverage, role of sports organizations, compared to men and major athletes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, 1994, $ 47.95
From the Paper " Women athletes in the Olympic Games traditionally have had fewer events to compete in, and while opportunities for women have increased in recent years, this still reflects the situation. For example, many events in the Summer Games remain closed to women. Events such as boxing, wrestling, equestrian, modern pentathlon, judo, and weightlifting are open to men only. In addition, many sports have more events scheduled for men than for women. Sports such as cycling have seven events for men but only two events for women. Fencing has six events for men and only two for women. Canoeing is also another sport that short-changes women, with nine events for men and three events for women. Even in such as sport as shooting, men have six events and women have four, with two additional ... "
From the Paper "The rotator cuff is an integral musculotendinous component of the human shoulder complex. Although it serves a variety of functions, its most important one perhaps is to control the head of the humerus. The two major subgroups of rotator cuff injuries, impingement injuries and avulsive tears, result from compressive and tensile forces, respectively. In addition, either of these two conditions may be seen in association with calcifying tendonitis. The treatment of rotator cuff lesions typically emphasizes conservative measures. These may often consist merely of active rest and specific strengthening exercises. For patients who remain refractory to such therapy, however, arthroscopy or other surgical interventions may be necessary. "
From the Paper "Tennis racket design is a continuously evolving technology. At one time, the changes took place at a somewhat slower pace than they do today. For nearly a century wood.frame tennis rackets were the standard. Then, in the 1960s and 1970s, wooden tennis rackets were supplanted by metal..and, subsequently, graphite composite..frames. Graphite tennis rackets offer numerous advantages over wooden ones. Despite the improvement though, tennis racket design continues to advance. Various new innovations include modifications in design engineering, as well as the introduction of new synthetic construction materials.
Tennis racket technologies can be exceedingly complex (4:84). Many of the different developments have actually served to alter the very game itself (5:100). Most of these tennis ... "
From the Paper "Punting A Football: The Anatomy and Physiology
Complex physical endeavors generally require the coordinated functioning of numerous organs and organ systems. Punting a football, for example, involves the body's special sensory apparatus and nervous system. Through the appropriate neuronal stimuli, an athlete's respiration and heart rate may be elevated. Such adjustments provide for the increased metabolic requirements associated with exertion. Only when these physiologic needs are met, can the athlete perform optimally.
A punter about to kick a football would obviously hear the roar of the crowd. The process of hearing requires several different anatomic structures. These include the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear consists of a flap of elastic cartilage known as the auricle, the external ..."
Abstract The paper provides a brief insight into Korean art of Tae Kwon Do. It discusses how it comprises the grace and flexibility training of yoga, the self defense potential of Judo and the mental prowess of Aikido but surpasses all other martial arts in its attention to all facets of the human being. It shows how Tae Kwon Do does not involve weapons and can be practiced by all.
From the Paper "Tae Kwon Do's immediate ability to tone muscles, develop confidence, and encourage flexibility make it especially appealing to those who do not wish to devote years of time to perfecting the art. Other martial arts, like Tai Chi, Capoiera, and Aikido, demand rigorous training schedules and results may not be noticed for years or even decades. Tae Kwon Do can be practiced sporadically and still enjoyed for its physical and mental rewards. Teachers work one on one with students, tailoring the practice to their needs without sacrificing tradition."
Tags: tai, chi, capoiera, aikido, judo, yoga, weapon
Abstract Venus Williams made an incredible impact on the tennis world at a very young age. She rose from modest beginnings in California to become one of the queens of tennis along with her younger sister, Serena. The paper shows that Venus, at twenty-two years of age, has provided the sports world with many exciting moments in a relatively short period of time. Her amazing athletic ability and muscular physique are recognized and admired all over the world. Venus has rejuvenated the tennis world with her talent, determination, and conviction, all of which may be attributed to a strong work ethic and the tenacity of her father, Richard Williams. The paper provides an introduction to childhood years, her rise as a world tennis champion and her positive influence on women all over the world.
From the Paper "Venus Williams is admired by women all over the world because of her natural talent and winning record in the sport that she adores. Her engaging record in Grand Slam events has provided many fans with thrills and excitement, and matches in which she is coupled with her sister Serena garner a great deal of attention and praise. Furthermore, because she has accomplished so many significant achievements at a young age, she has attracted the attention of many children and young adults, who aspire to achieve similar results in their lives. According to her sister Serena, "Venus can do whatever she wants to do" (Wiley 2). Although she is only twenty-two years of age, Venus has many years left to continue to leave her mark on the tennis community as well as other uncharted waters, including fashion design. With her confidence and determination, Venus? interest in fashion will likely result in a future career upon retirement from the tennis profession. Venus will continue to influence the world with her distinctive style, natural ability, and confident demeanor for many years to come."
Abstract Overview of membership of fitness centers & projected growth. Profitability. Why health clubs are so popular. Body image, health. Size and scope of the health club industry. The Southern Caliornia market. Food & vitamin supplement market. Power of celebrities. Gym endorsements. Equipment market. Rise in use of personal trainers. Weight training. Industry statistics.
From the Paper "The Future of Health Clubs in Southern California
1. Projected Growth
The latest estimates available from the International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association indicate that there are approximately 30 million adult members of fitness centers in the U.S. - and that this number is likely to grow to nearly 50 million by the year 2010. 1
The leading statistical research organization for the industry, American Sports Data Membership at health clubs jumped from 20.7 million in 1990 to 30.6 million in 1999, an increase of 48%. Even more ironically, the number of people who worked out frequently at clubs (100+ days) per year, soared by 84% during the same period. This was just one paradox found in a Tracking Study of Physical Fitness Behavior in the U.S. (1987 - 1999) released in July 2000..."
Abstract Discusses PGA of America, owner of the PGA Tour. Effect of Tiger Woods' participation in the tour on PGA financial operations, position and growth. Public appeal of the PGA Tour. Impact on the m arketplace. Conflict between Woods and PGA over marketing rights. Cites revenues since Woods joined tour & his popularity. 1 Chart.
From the Paper "The Economic Impact of Tiger Woods on the PGA Tour
Introduction
This research assesses the economic impact of Tiger Woods on the PGA Tour. The PGA Tour is a separate entity from the PGA (Professional Golfers Association). The PGA Tour is the public operational name of PGA of America.
Measuring the Economic Impact of Tiger Woods' Participation in the PGA Tour on the PGA Tour's Financial Operations PGA of America, operator of PGA Tour, was founded in 1968, when professional golfers separated from the PGA, which is dominated by golf professionals. Members of the PGA Tour are golfers who play in the tournaments. The formation of the PGA Tour occurred when the PGA Tournament Division broke away from the PGA ("PGA, PGA Tour Not the Same," 2001)."
Abstract Discusses the Coleman Company's development of the graphite flashlight. Early manufacturing of quality camping products including lanterns, tents, sleeping bags, portable stoves and ice chests.
History of company. Patents. Merger with Sunbeam Company. Cost, availability, materials and manufacturing process of the graphite flashlight. Expansion into hardware line. Illustrations.
From the Paper "Introduction
The Coleman Company built its reputation on lanterns used for camping, but the company also manufactures tents, sleeping bags, portable stoves, ice chests and many other products designed for outdoor leisure use. It has a reputation for high.quality products and was, until recently, a publicly owned corporation. Today, the company is part of the larger Sunbeam Company, although it is operated as an independent subsidiary. One of its product lines, the graphite flashlight, follows in the tradition of the company's original lantern products. This research considers the history of Coleman in general, and the development and manufacture of the graphite flashlight in particular."
Abstract The philosophy of the martial arts as a merge of physical and spiritual mastery. History of Kung Fu films in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Films of Wong Fei Hong. Impact of Bruce Lee. Other actors such as Brandon Lee, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Chuck Norris, Steven Seagal. Current martial art films and TV.
From the Paper "Introduction
Martial arts is simply defined as the arts of warfare (de Castro, Orpeza & Rhodes, 1993; Ross, 1999). For example, in Japan, while samurai were engaged in swordplay, karate-do ("way of the empty hand,") was secretly taught to weaponless peasants for self-defense (de Castro, et. al., 1993). Tae kyon ("push shoulder") in Korea, as well as Kali in the Philippines, were outlawed by conquering nations desiring a defenseless population (1993). In fact, General MacArthur outlawed the Greater Japanese Martial Arts Association and banned martial arts in Japanese schools at the conclusion of WWII (Neide, 1995). Such deliberate prohibition assumes that the study of the martial arts is synonymous with combat training.
A closer look, however, reveals an art that has a philosophy..."
