Abstract This research reviews the history of the original Olympic Games. The findings of this research are presented within the context of (1) the significance of the games during the time of their occurrence, (2) the organization of the games, (3) competition events held and the popularity of those events, (4) relevant social and political factors associated with the games, and (5) the dissolution of the games, together with the reasons for their ending
From the Paper "THE ORIGINAL OLYMPIC GAMES
Introduction
This research reviews the history of the original Olympic Games. The findings of this research are presented within the context of (1) the significance of the games during the time of their occurrence, (2) the organization of the games, (3) competition events held and the popularity of those events, (4) relevant social and political factors associated with the games, and (5) the dissolution of the games, together with the reasons for their ending."
Abstract Discusses the evolution in the 1980s-90s. Examines legal and laboror management issues, examples, punishment and types of drugs
From the Paper "Drug abuse in professional sports became a hot-button issue in the early 1980s, as several celebrated cases helped focus attention on the topic. This coincided with society's changing attitudes about drugs as America moved from the lax 1970s to the more conservative 1980s. The major pro sports leagues in the United States responded by implementing drug control programs, which have largely succeeded in removing the topic from the headlines, or at least pushing it to the back pages. This paper will examine the drug testing of professional athletes, from the contentious first steps in the early 1980s until today, where concern over performance enhancing drugs has refocused the effort away from traditional illegal substances.
Pro sports leagues derive their power to test athletes for drugs from collective bargaining agreements and the leagues' by-..."
Introduction
The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study of their effects physically and psychologically. Study results indicate more than minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use. These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations of aggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated.
Article Summary
Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied the prevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). One of the authors became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. The experimental group were twelve body builders using high doses AAS ..."
Abstract Most technologies that are supposed to improve actually performance in a given sport are dependent on repetitive action and the learned response of the participant. For example, the use of a weighted stick swung in a particular way to learn the correct approach to hitting a thrown baseball. This is not technology in the same sense as videotaping actual game footage or statistical analysis of game situations with a computer. This entails real time learning experience with the collaborative aid of some device that is not used in a game situation.
From the Paper "Sports Technology and Improved Performance
Introduction
Most technologies that are supposed to improve actually performance in a given sport are dependent on repetitive action and the learned response of the participant. For example, the use of a weighted stick swung in a particular way to learn the correct approach to hitting a thrown baseball. This is not technology in the same sense as videotaping actual game footage or statistical analysis of game situations with a computer. This entails real time learning experience with the collaborative aid of some device that is not used in a game situation.
With this definition clearly in mind, technology that purports to improve actual performance will be thus be explored."
Abstract Squash is a game that developed as a tournament sport in this century and which has achieved considerable popularity in much of the world. That popularity is much greater in certain regions of the world, notably those that are British or that were under British rule earlier in this century.
From the Paper "Introduction
Squash is a game that developed as a tournament sport in this century and which has achieved considerable popularity in much of the world. That popularity is much greater in certain regions of the world, notably those that are British or that were under British rule earlier in this century. The game has been dominated form the first by several major players and by a number of players from one family, the Khans of Pakistan. Hashim Khan was a major player in the 1950s and helped contribute to the growth of the game and especially to its great popularity in his native Pakistan. Jahangir Khan took his place in the family pantheon beginning in the 1980s, and he has been followed by another in the family, Jansher. Hashim Khan changed the nature of the game of Squash as it had ben played to that time in the..."
Abstract Racism in sports has its roots in the history of racism in Europe. Kleg writes, for example:
The Achaeans and Dorians who invaded Greece beginning in the twelfth century B.C., destroyed the Bronze Age culture of Mycenaean Greece and ushered in a "dark age" from which it took centuries to recover.
From the Paper " Racism in sports has its roots in the history of racism in Europe. Kleg writes, for example:
The Achaeans and Dorians who invaded Greece beginning in the twelfth century B.C., destroyed the Bronze Age culture of Mycenaean Greece and ushered in a "dark age" from which it took centuries to recover. These invaders . . . were regarded as boorish compared to the civilizations of the Near East and Egypt that were already thousands of years old. When these Greeks finally became civilized and developed a flourishing culture, they looked upon others as inferior and barbaric. . . . (Kleg, 1993, 86-87).
It was not until the conquest of nations in Africa that the practice of "chattel slavery" became widespread, and this practice was institutionalized by Europeans in the New World..."
From the Paper "Despite the differences at various levels of basketball--professional, college, high school, grad school--there are fundamentals which must be taught at every level. The players must learn to know the score, the number of fouls, and the skill level of the opponent. They should know if the opponent is right or left-handed or whether he or she prefers to drive to the basket or shoot long. Other useful lessons include recognizing different types of defense, knowing if another player is hot or cold, maintaining eye contact, passing effectively, receiving a pass effectively, mastering shooting skills (lay-ups and rebounds), blocking out, concentrating, anticipating where the ball will bounce on a missed shot, dribbling, how to guard a man who has the ball and one who does not have the ball, when to shoot or not, stealing the ball, keeping your hands up on..."
An examination of the nature and functions of proteins and the special intake requirements of male and female athletes for exercise activities and the effects of deficiency.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 17 sources, 2000, $ 127.95
From the Paper "Proteins perform a wide variety of important functions in humans (Devlin, 1997, p. 24). These functions can be grouped into dynamic and structural. Dynamic functions include transport, metabolic control, contraction, and catalysis of chemical transformations. In their structural functions, proteins provide the matrix for bone and connective tissue, giving structure and form to the human organism. An athlete who is building muscle mass can have twice the protein intake requirement of the average person (Dolby, 1998). With American athletes, it is rare to find a protein lack since the average American already consumes two to three times the daily requirement for protein. This paper will look at the protein intake requirement of athletes, both male and female, for various types of exercise activities."
An examination of the extent and evolution of legal protection of the disabled in amateur athletics, including eligibility, funding, age requirements, litigation, employment and some non-sports aspects.
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 53 sources, 2000, $ 135.95
From the Paper "Discrimination Against Disabled People by Athletic Venues, High
School Athletic Conferences and the NCAA
This research paper examines the extent of legal protection presently afforded to disabled persons involved in high school and college athletics. The primary focus is upon amateur athletics but cases in the field of professional sports are mentioned where they provide relevant precedents for amateur athletics.
The legal protection afforded disabled persons generally and in sports has been considerably expanded during the past two decades, primarily as a result of the enactment of two federal statutes, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (RA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1993 (ADA). Through the interpretations made by the courts, primarily federal courts, as to the scope and..."
From the Paper "Introduction
While citizens complain of the extraordinary incomes of owners of professional sports teams and the salaries of sports players, most cities and states throughout the nation continue to negotiate costly deals to keep professional sports teams. Usually these deals involve taxpayer financed stadiums, but they also involve other benefits for the teams--nearly all of which are financed directly or indirectly by the taxpayers.
This research examines whether such tax-subsidized sports stadiums and team benefits are worth the investment. It is argued that in most situations such investments amount to nothing more than "welfare for the rich" and that the public rarely gets much return on its investment and, in fact, loses out in the deal.
Abstract This is a lengthy research paper on how to teach aerobics to middle-aged women. It includes all the benefits, safety concerns, skills, 15 lesson plans and the history of aerobics. The objective of this assignment was to provide background information on aerobics and to create a potential client who would be likely to take the aerobics class.
Table of Contents:
Client Description
Description of Activity
Terminology
Rules
Equipment and Care
Safety Analysis
Warm-up
Skills to be Developed
Novelty Events
Block Plan
Audio Visual Aids
Articles Collected
Lesson plans
Evaluative Measures
Bibliography
Lesson Plans
From the Paper "More specific, the class will learn the basics of high and low intensity step aerobics classes, as well as the components to circuit-training, knowledge of target heart rate, importance of warm-up and cool-down. Each student will have a chance to lead a portion of aerobics to the class. Clients will also need to be able to determine their target heart rate by the end of the first few sessions. Included in each aerobics class will be static stretching in which each participant will learn how to correctly hold a stretch. By the time the end of the set of classes, the goal of the participant will be to gain flexibility and move throughout a greater range of motion."
Abstract This paper explores how franchise owners and politicians justify building stadiums at the public's expense and analyzes the merits of these justifications. The focus then turns to the peculiar economic structure of sports, and how it relates to public stadium subsidies. Lastly, this paper examines other means, both public and private, by which stadium construction can be funded and discusses the relative merits of each of these methods. For the purpose of placing this discussing within a concrete framework, the first section comprises a case study of the Gateway Project in Cleveland, Ohio, which built new homes for Major League Baseball's "Indians" and the National Basketball Association's "Cavaliers".
From the Paper "Every major city in the United States is home to at least one, if not several, major sports franchises. These franchises are no doubt a great boon to their respective local economies in that they create jobs and increase tourism revenue. However, these benefits come at a cost, and the largest of these costs to cities is the construction of a new stadium. Some cities save on this cost by housing multiple teams (usually playing different sports) in the same facility, but in recent years team owners have become increasingly insistent on having an having a stadium exclusively for their team. Municipalities are then faced with the choice of shelling out hundreds of millions of dollars or having their local franchise move elsewhere."
Tags: arena, field, funding, government, gund, jacobs, team
Abstract This paper examines the origins and the history of weightlifting over the years. It shows that the origin of lifting traces goes back in the earliest of documented history where man's attraction with physical ability can be seen with several ancient writings. From ancient Egypt and Greece, this paper traces the history of weightlifting events and competitions and discusses their history in different countries from France and Germany to Norway and Greece. It evaluates the medical opinion of weightlifting training and how since World War II, doctors have initiated research on muscle work out for the treatment of various kinds of wounds and muscle transformation. There is also a focus on women weightlifters who have since 1987 been accepted out at the World Championship competition.
From the Paper "During that era, athletes were allowed to make four tries. However, after Steinbach gave up, Dimtris Tofalos made his last try. While, Spurred made an amazing attempt by lifting the extraordinary weight for that period making a record that remained until 1914. However, after ten years, i-e in 1924, the rules changed once again (ESPN.2001). What is worth mentioning here is the first sections of weightlifting formed during the ear between 1896 and 1906 by the Ethnikos Gymnastics Sports Club, Sports Clubs Eteria Patron, and Panellinios Gymnastics Sports Club (ESPN.2001)."
Abstract This paper describes that certain types of throwing motions put extreme stress on the Ulnar Collateral Ligament ligament. The author points out that physical examinations are often inexact and tests are not 100% accurate; therefore, making a diagnosis is the most difficult part of treating an ulnar collateral ligament problem. The paper concludes that, if the patient wants to return to overhead or throwing sporting activities, and does not respond to non-surgical treatments, then surgery is recommended.
From the Paper "Injuries of the ulnar collateral ligament are daily events in the sports world. Seldom a day goes by that some athlete does not make the news with such injuries. Chicago Cubs pitcher Kerry Wood suffered significant damage in 1999 .Pitcher, Scott Williamson of the Cincinnati Reds had surgery last year to repair the torn ligament in his right elbow .These are common injuries and seldom interfere permanently with an athlete's career."
This paper discusses the life of Jackie Robinson and the impact of his breaking the color barrier to become the first black baseball player in the major leagues.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, 1973, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Today, African Americans are commonly found playing on major league baseball teams. In fact, many of the most popular and noted players are African American. Few people today would think twice about black and white ball players sharing lockers, travelling together and playing together.
But it was not always so. Prior to the 1940s, there was not one single proven black in the majors. And a lot of people wanted to keep it that way. After all, it had always been that way. We must remember, this was an era before civil rights, the Supreme Court decisions, and the acceptance of African Americans as having full human status.
Well-meaning people often thought of "being nice" to the Negro. But often the stereotype of Bo Jangles or Uncle Remus held sway. And somehow, baseball had always been off limits to African Americans, especially in the majors. Since baseball was ,,, "
