From the Paper "The problem of racism is not specifically an American problem, though Americans have made it into an important political and social issue as they have tried to find a way to eliminate racism from their society. Racism occurs whenever there is a dominant racial group that uses its position to discriminate against a minority racial group on the basis of racial characteristics. Traditionally, discrimination has been seen as a creature of prejudice, and until the late 1960s the dominant perspective among social science analysts of discrimination was that prejudice and intolerance were the causes of discriminatory actions. Other observers have focused on individual racists and have seen the problem as the individual motivated by hatred of a given "outgroup." Still others consider..."
From the Paper "This literature review of squat weightlifting is in the area of biomechanics and includes: optimal biomechanics, with the study of training modalities, contributions of biomechanical variables, and effects of weight-lifting limits; and the study of associated potential biomechanical problems, to include lumbar dynamics or lower back difficulties. Interest in physical strength includes many areas such as: ergonomics, human factors engineering, rehabilitation, physiology, psychology, and physical education. Athletes have used resistance training techniques to heighten competitive performance. A review of the squat weightlift is of interest since it is used to build physical strength and the squat-lift is accepted as a safe means of lifting, which, used correctly, will help eliminate lower back..."
From the Paper "Newspapers every day cover the same stories and do so with slightly different perspectives according to the specific views of the writers, the interests of the readers, and the traditions of the given newspaper. Even two papers in the same city may have different attitudes toward certain people, issues, or institutions, differences which can be discerned on close reading. Two stories from two different papers on the same sports team will serve to show how these differences may be manifested, referring to stories on the New York Jets in the New York Daily News and Newsday.
Rob Parker writes about the team in a column on the Sports Page in Newsday, a Long Island-based newspaper that at the time had just ceased publishing a New York edition of the paper because of excessive costs. Newsday is owned by the Los Angeles..."
From the Paper "In the fall of 1995 the National Basketball Association was threatened by several of its own members who wanted to decertify the union just as the union was negotiating a new Collective Bargaining Agreement. Decertification would mean the end of the union, and this drive was being spurred by several big-name p-layers who believed that the players would be better served by the protections under federal antitrust rules. Others point out, however, that the end of the union would also mean the end of certain benefits and even pensions for many players. The effort by these basketball players challenges the idea of sports unions in general and raises a number of questions concerning the supposed necessity for decertification, the relationship between the state of athletic bargaining agreements and other agreements, and the degree to which this area of work differs from others in..."
From the Paper "The athletic shoe market is no longer the strict province of the professional athlete. Weekend athletes and those who do not participate in any sports wear athletic shoes. Nor have the athletic shoes remained all-purpose: there are shoes for walking, running (on grass and hard surfaces), bicycling, tennis and so on. The variety of shoes available and the fact that athletic shoes are now considered acceptable leisure attire means that the industry has grown tremendously during the 1980s and early 1990s. Today, the industry as a whole had sales in excess of $10.1 billion in 1994, with 1995 sales expected to approach $11.5 billion. This research considers the recent performance of one American shoe manufacturer, LA Gear, and whether this company represents a good investment opportunity."
Financial analysis & forecast for athletic shoe firm. Discusses performance, profits, projections to 2005, strategies, competition and production. Includes tables.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 1996, $ 79.95
From the Paper "NIKE INC.: CRITICAL ANALYSIS/PROJECT
ABSTRACT
This research developed a critical financial analysis of Nike, Inc. The company, headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, designs and markets globally footwear, apparel, and accessories for athletic and leisure apparel. The overwhelming majority of the company's products are produced in low-wage, developing economies. Net sales for the fiscal year ending 31 May 1995 totaled $4.76 billion on a total asset base of $3.14 billion and a total capitalization (equity plus long-term debt) of $1.98 billion.
During the 1986-1995 period, Nike, Inc. was financially one of the most successful of all American corporations. The results of the critical financial analysis performed project even greater.."
From the Paper "MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN ATHLETIC ACADEMIC ADVISING
Introduction
What difficulties, problems, and issues are faced by managers charged with the responsibility of administrating athletic academic advisement programs? The purpose of this paper is to examine research related to these problems.
Difficulties, Problems, and Issues
One issue in the management of athletic academic advisement programs can be seen in a study conducted by Blake (1988) whose research focused on the administration of intercollegiate athletics. Of primary interest in Blake's study was determining the degree of loosely coupled or tightly coupled patterns of administration that exists for intercollegiate athletics. Secondarily, Blake sought to discover differences between ..."
From the Paper " Gallaudet University (pronounced Gall-uh-DET) was created by the United States government in 1864 to educate the deaf. Today Gallaudet remains the only liberal arts college for the deaf not only in the United States, but in the world. Sports have always had an important place in the school's curriculum, most usually at an intramural level, but Gallaudet athletes have also competed against athletes from other schools. The school fielded its first football team in 1883 and that team defeated Georgetown, 15-0. Today Gallaudet University's Football Web Page pays tribute to that first victory in these words: ?Pride and determination are two words that appropriately describe Gallaudet University since the first Bison football team defeated Georgetown in its debut in 1883.?
The 1996 season was the school's 102nd season of football..."
From the Paper "Muhammad Ali
Introduction
Despite a limited release, Leon Gast's documentary feature When We Were Kings, which chronicles the 1974 Muhammad Ali-George Foreman "Rumble in the Jungle," has won critical and audience acclaim. Namely, the feature has earned approximately 1.5 million dollars as well as an Oscar for the best documentary feature of 1996. Undoubtedly, part of its success is due to America's affection and respect for George Foreman. However, it is even more clear that the major reason for the documentary's success is the mettle of the man who stands at its center, Muhammad Ali.
In his 1991 biography of Muhammad Ali, titled Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times, Thomas Hauser calls Ali "the most..."
Looks at the constitutional issues, role of parents, issues of privacy and deterrence. Focusing on the 1995 Supreme Court decision on Vernoia, Oregon, discussing student athlete testing.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, 1999, $ 55.95
From the Paper " Mandatory drug testing for student athletes is a legitimate pursuit for high schools and colleges. The U.S. Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of this practice. Student drug testing policies, however, must be specific and clear.
Constitutional issues regarding mandatory drug testing for student athletes were explored by the Supreme Court in Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton (1995). The defendant was a school system in Vernonia, Oregon, a small town about 35 miles northwest of Portland. The school set up a random drug testing program for its student athletes in 1989, motivated by what it described as a drug culture out of control: "Staff members' direct observations of students using drugs led the administration to the conclusion that the rebellion was being fueled by alcohol and drug abuse as well as by the students' misperceptions about the drug culture"
From the Paper " This research examines the profession of being a sports agent in the National Football League. How to start a business of being a sports agent will be discussed, along with popular myths and the hard realities of the profession.
There is a moment in the Tom Cruise movie, Jerry Maguire, where Cruise's rival, a predatory sports agent with the ethical code of a stepped-on scorpion, glibly assures a promising young athlete that there is nothing he is not prepared to do to make the boy happy. "I will kill, maim, rape and pillage for you," the agent solemnly swears.
Which is close to the public's perception of agents, slick-talking wheeler-dealers who make their living off the sweat of their celebrated but fiscally hapless prot?g?s. "Sharks in suits" is how the eponymous Cruise character describes the profession in.."
From the Paper "Though it may seem odd, in retrospect, that Hitler and his Nazi party allowed the 1936 Olympics to be held at Berlin, this is only because subsequent legends of the event obscure the true propaganda value the games had for the Reich. Both in terms of inspiring the German people and in impressing Germany's good will and increased power on other nations, the National Socialist agenda was forwarded by the superbly managed Eleventh Olympiad. The question then arises, why did the United States and the principal European nations willingly provide Hitler with such a platform? It may be argued that in the early 1930s the true extent of the Nazi threat could not be foreseen. But the historical record demonstrates that it took a considerable degree of willful blindness toward Nazi ideology, policies, and actions for other nations to participate at Berlin."
Abstract This research reviews the history of the original Olympic Games. The findings of this research are presented within the context of (1) the significance of the games during the time of their occurrence, (2) the organization of the games, (3) competition events held and the popularity of those events, (4) relevant social and political factors associated with the games, and (5) the dissolution of the games, together with the reasons for their ending
From the Paper "THE ORIGINAL OLYMPIC GAMES
Introduction
This research reviews the history of the original Olympic Games. The findings of this research are presented within the context of (1) the significance of the games during the time of their occurrence, (2) the organization of the games, (3) competition events held and the popularity of those events, (4) relevant social and political factors associated with the games, and (5) the dissolution of the games, together with the reasons for their ending."
Abstract Discusses the evolution in the 1980s-90s. Examines legal and laboror management issues, examples, punishment and types of drugs
From the Paper "Drug abuse in professional sports became a hot-button issue in the early 1980s, as several celebrated cases helped focus attention on the topic. This coincided with society's changing attitudes about drugs as America moved from the lax 1970s to the more conservative 1980s. The major pro sports leagues in the United States responded by implementing drug control programs, which have largely succeeded in removing the topic from the headlines, or at least pushing it to the back pages. This paper will examine the drug testing of professional athletes, from the contentious first steps in the early 1980s until today, where concern over performance enhancing drugs has refocused the effort away from traditional illegal substances.
Pro sports leagues derive their power to test athletes for drugs from collective bargaining agreements and the leagues' by-..."
Introduction
The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study of their effects physically and psychologically. Study results indicate more than minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use. These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations of aggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated.
Article Summary
Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied the prevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). One of the authors became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. The experimental group were twelve body builders using high doses AAS ..."
