An examination of the influence of social norms on female participation in sports including self-image, public mores, compared to males, laws, social value of sports and socioeconomics.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 36 sources, 2000, $ 127.95
Abstract This research will examine the influence of social norms on the participation of females in athletic activity. The research will examine studies showing how strongly social expectations and socially determined sex roles limit participation of adolescent and adult females in physical activity, and then discuss ways in which cultural pressures are reflected in female-student behavior in elementary school physical-education classes and school-recess activities.
From the Paper "Introduction
This research will examine the influence of social norms on the participation of females in athletic activity. The research will examine studies showing how strongly social expectations and socially determined sex roles limit participation of adolescent and adult females in physical activity, and then discuss ways in which cultural pressures are reflected in female-student behavior in elementary school physical-education classes and school-recess activities. Based on this research and on observations of behavior at an elementary school, this study will suggest possible changes in the physical education curriculum that can encourage activity for girls and help them connect it to positive social experience."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of gender and racial discrimination in sport both at college as well as professional level. It attempts to dispel the myths regarding women equality and meritocracy in sports, such that women earn through professional as well as college sports as much as their male counterparts. It examines the struggles involving women recognition in sports through the history of basketball which evolved in 1891 but only allowed women players in 1971 and the differences in women participation in college sports and professional sports. The paper also outlines the racial desegregation of college and professional sports, bringing out the similarities and the differences to that of gender bias.
From the Paper "Though women face various challenges in the name of discrimination in sports oriented activities and career advancements, women in college sports face less resistance due to the fact that at college level, friendships and relationships are more sound and meaningful than at a professional level where shrewd politics dominate the sports scenario and extreme resistance is faced by women who are professional athletes. Moreover, in college sports, due to combined activities, women get more or less the same facilities and coaching aid that their male friends receive. Alternately, women athletes on a professional level are struggling hard to receive better or equal facilities than men athletes."
Abstract The paper explores how, over the past decade, women's athletics has seen an exceptional increase in popularity. While "traditional" women's sportssuch as tennis, gymnastics and ice-skating have always been popular among the American public, other sports such as soccer, basketball and boxing are gaining new fans. The paper shows, however, that the popularity of women in sports has not been an overnight phenomenon. It explores how women athletes have been slowly knocking down barriers for decades, from Wilma Rudolph (track) to Billie Jean King (tennis) to Nancy Lieberman Kline (basketball), women athletes have done more than just compete, that have campaigned for the inclusion of women in sports and have been outstanding advocates for women in athletics. This paper explores the rise of women's participation in athletics and how the present day has witnessed the best support for women athletes in American history.
From the Paper "Undeniably, women have made remarkable strides in athletics. Women athletes have much more issues to conquer than their male counterparts. For example, male athletes do not have to deal with sexism and a culture that prevents them from realizing their true potential. A revolutionary law, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity at any educational institution that is a recipient of federal funds. Since the enacting Title IX there has been over an eight hundred percent increase in athletics participation among high school girls. The increase in the number of females participating in sports at all levels from elementary school to professional athletes lies in the paradigm shift in our shared values and beliefs."
Abstract This paper, in addition to detailing Rose's life, describes the controversy around his ethics. The paper points out that Rose was banned for life from baseball as punishment for gambling on the games, and he has not been induced into the Baseball Hall of Fame. The author feels that Rose's ethical behavior and his baseball skills need to be separated and that he should be admitted.
From the Paper "Others, including many baseball players, feel Rose got his just desserts when he was banned for life from baseball. His arrogance rubbed against the grain of many fellow teammates. Former teammate, Joe Morgan, describes how Rose always played hard with his chest strutted out, saying, "I never say anybody who played every game like it was the seventh game of the World Series, not even me""but" "A lot of guys say they wouldn"t come back if Pete gets in?. Bob Feller believes no one would come back. When Johnny Bench was being inducted into the Hall of Fame a few years ago, shouts of "We want Pete" came from the crowd, to which Bench responded, "You can have him" Bench clearly has no sympathy for Rose. Recently during a radio interview, the commentator remarked that society has become liberal enough that there is common acceptance for many things such as recovering alcoholics and drug addicts, "so why not gambling"is betting illegal?? Bench remarked, "It is if you"re playing the game?Everybody says ?Oh, that's Pete.? Then everybody is betrayed? "
From the Paper "This paper is a review of the book Giant Steps by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Peter Knobler. This book is the autobiography of basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and as such it contains a great deal of background on the games of basketball, the other players, one of the major games in which Jabbar has been involved, and even some pointers on how the game should be played. Of greater interest to the general reader, however, is the underlying story of one individual's effort to overcome what he saw as handicaps and to find a place for himself in the world. The personage that emerges from this portrait is interesting, somewhat shy. And as his story progresses Jabbar becomes more and more in control of his own life and his own attitudes. This latter is particularly important in the world of professional sports, which is shown in this book to be ... "
From the Paper " In the United States, professional baseball has had a hallowed position. It has been glorified by the fans and public at large, and protected by the Congress and the Courts. Yet, it has a dark side, too. It has survived strikes, scandals, the Great Depression, and two world wars. In more recent years, players and owners have been embroiled in a contract dispute. Baseball has suffered a serious blow to its reputation because both players and owners seem to be motivated by greed. Baseball will no doubt survive this latest challenge, but the effects of baseball's exempt status will have profound effects for years to come.
What follows is a discussion of the historical background of (...)"
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on how spectators influence the performance of athletes - a phenomenon commonly referred to as "social facilitation" with respect to athletic performance. In this regard, it is important to note that as pointed out by Gill (1986), social facilitation (sometimes referred to as audience effects) research consists of studies where spectators simply observe the behavior and make no comments or overt evaluations and studies where spectators react to what they see. In addition, there are studies that include effects limited to those generated by the spectators and there are studies where effects are examined as interactions of player variables with the audience. This research examines each of (...)"
From the Paper " This paper will discuss the relationship of physical activity and fitness to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease. There is a growing consensus that exercise contributes positively toward the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Several longitudinal studies have been conducted in recent years which tend to support this viewpoint. One of the first such studies was conducted in Framingham, Massachusetts, in the late 1960s. In an attempt to determine the causes of coronary heart disease, the researchers questioned over 1,600 persons who had a history of the disease. This data enabled the Framingham study researchers to establish a risk indicator known as "Type A behavior" (Stamler, 1983, p. 82). In this way it became possible to isolate which members of the population will stand a greater chance of contracting..."
An examination of trends in the most popular drugs and their effects. A history of drug use in college athletics. The use of steroids and stimulants and the need to win.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, 1989, $ 47.95
From the Paper " This paper will discuss the role of drugs in college athletics today. Among the items to be discussed are the trends in drug abuse among college athletes today, what drugs are most popular among college athletes, the effects that various drugs have upon athletes, the reaction of the NCAA to collegiate drug abuse, and the reasons that athletes submit to drug abuse.
Athletes subject themselves to drug abuse in the expectation that it will improve their athletic performance. Many top athletes feel that reaching the top is not possible without the use of drugs, and many athletes would do almost anything short of killing themselves to attain improved performance. Though anabolic steroids have received much of the media attention, athletes abuse other drugs (Donohoe & Johnson 1-17).
Doping, the word often applied to drug use, comes from the..."
From the Paper Drug Testing and College Athletes
"The polls show us that in most people's minds, it is the number one problem in the country" (Smith 18). In this statement made in an interview with Newsweek magazine, President Ronald Reagan is justifying his administration's war on drugs. This war is partially in response to statistics compiled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, indicating an upward trend in certain kinds of drug use among high school, college students and young adults (Bachman and O'Malley 15). For example, the use of cocaine by college students is up to 17 percent while the number of students using cocaine in more dangerous forms (smoking rather than snorting) has doubled since 1983 (Smith 10). Further, those reporting daily use have also doubled. More importantly, the number of college students..."
Tags: SPORTS: DRUGS, DRUGS: GENERAL, SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL PROBLEMS
From the Paper "The relatively new science of nutrition is taking on a much larger role in athletics today. The current fitness and health food craze has dramatized the potential danger poor nutrition can have on performance. The purpose of this report will be to discuss the nutritional needs of athletes, both professional and amateur. Included in the study will be a look at the latest information on elements of nutrition such as vitamin needs, diets and liquid requirements.
The term "nutrition" describes the method by which materials from the environment are consumed in order to provide the nutrients and energy necessary to support a healthy body. Nutrients, comprised of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, dietary fiber and water, are found in varying quantities in all foods. No one food ... "
From the Paper "There is clearly a correlation between what it takes to be an effective manager of people in a work environment and that of a coach in an athletic environment. Many writers in both the business and sports fields have made note of this parallel between management and coaching. For example, Dr. T. F. Gautschi, business consultant and professor at Bryant College in Rhode Island, has pointed out that there is a similarity between the skills that are involved in management and those which are required for effective coaching. In Gautschi's opinion, managers can think of their role as being like that of coaches, and for this reason "sports analogies have direct applications to the business world". Likewise, Homer Rice, athletic director at Georgia Tech College, has claimed that coaching is "more related to the business area" than it is to ... "
From the Paper This paper will be concerned with the history of steroids in sports. Anabolic steroids are drugs which are designed to "artificially promote muscle development". Such drugs contain either natural or synthetic varieties of the male hormone known as testosterone. This hormone, which is normally found in the male testes, is responsible for giving men greater strength and aggressiveness in comparison to women. In addition, testosterone contributes to other male characteristics of the body, such as facial hair. By contrast, women carry a hormone in their bodies known as estrogen, which is responsible for the development of the breasts, among other things. By taking steroids, both male and female athletes have discovered that they can dramatically increase their body size and strength. This is obviously an ... "
From the Paper "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE "BLACK SOX" SCANDAL
Introduction
This research analyzes in an economic context the throwing of the 1919 World Series by the Chicago White Sox. The 1919 Chicago White Sox were almost universally regarded as major league baseball's most powerful team, and no other team, particularly the National League champion Cincinnati Reds, were accorded much of a chance against the powerful White Sox. These perceptions thus created a situation wherein criminal elements saw a change to profit tremendously if the outcome of a Chicago White Sox loss in the 1919 World Series could be assured.
These criminal elements did find a way to assure such an outcome. That was the bribing of seven key players and one ..."
From the Paper "Vince Lombardi, the famous football coach, was born in 1913 and died in 1970. His blind fanaticism to the game of football made his athletes play for him as no teams had ever played before. He inspired great admiration and great anger in his men. For example, in his first days with the Green Bay Packers, Coach Lombardi found veteran player Max McGee breaking a training rule--and he smashed McGee's head against a dormitory wall. McGee responded to this with, "I'm not going to play for that...He's a Madman.".
Lombardi agreed with McGee's assessment of him. Lombardi viewed football as a special madness and he was proud to be the most committed leader in the game. The men on his team, halfback Paul Hornung, quarterback Bart Starr, guard Jerry Kramer, and fullback Jim Taylor, responded to Lombardi and put.."
