From the Paper
"Athletes are always striving to be the best and so are always looking for ways to improve their performance. When they have exhausted all regular means, such as specialized training, personalized diets, a regular workout, and a healthy lifestyle, the often feel they need a little something more to give them the edge. This is when they are tempted to turn to drugs for that extra boost which will take them to the top. Often, drug-taking by athletes is coerced by coaches whose careers may depend on having the winning team. In professional sports, and particularly in the Olympic games, the pressure to win is overwhelming to many, and they succumb to the temptation of a little extra help.
The drugs used vary depending on the type of sport being..."

Abstract
A complete background of the Gladiator Games is given. This includes the people who faught, the different types of events, the fighters' daily life, where they occured, along with many other aspects of the games.

From the Paper
"The origins of the gladiatorial games took place in 264 BC in Rome as part of an aristocratic funerary ritual. The first gladiatorial contest was put on by Decimus Junius Bratus, in honor of his deceased father. Three pairs of slaves served as the gladiators in the Forum Boarium, a commercial area named for the Roman cattle market. Romans called the contests a munus, which is a duty, paid by the descendents of the dead (Grant). This served to keep the memory of the deceased alive after their death. The contests were repeated annually or at five-year intervals. The gladiatorial fights were not brought into public games until the late first century."

Tags: rome, fight, ancient, barbaric, death, Decimus, Junius, Bratus, ritual

From the Paper
"The intention in this paper is to explore the expanding role of women in sports broadcasting. Television sports is one of the unifying elements of popular culture, as witness the current focus on the Olympic games. For the most part, however, sports television has been the domain of male sports figures, male broadcasters, and male viewers. This has gradually changed over the past few decades, although male events tend to remain the most popular, with the Super Bowl, NCAA and NBA basketball finals, World Series, and Indy 500 at the top of the ladder. However, there has been increasing interest in women's events, and sports such as figure skating and gymnastics that seem to appeal more to women. Nonetheless, the field remains dominated..."

From the Paper
"Punting a football is an action designed to provide impetus to an external object. Movements of this type culminate in brief contact with an object (moving or still) by a moving body part. In such actions the "imparting of force" is the principal aim and the skills involve applying the force to the correct point, and with appropriate amounts of force, to achieve the desired distance and direction (Wells & Luttgens, 1976, p. 466). The motion involved in kicking the ball is angular in nature as the lower leg engages in rotating about an axis in the knee joint and the thigh moves in a rotatory motion about the hip joint.

The series of movements involved in punting include the flexion of the hip with explosive extension of the knee and plantar flexion of the ankle at the kicking point. The sole base of support from which the kick is launched is the standing ..."

From the Paper
" Altitude and its effects on athletic performance will be discussed with regard to the following subtopics: adaptations the body makes as a person goes from sea level to a high altitude; changes brought about by aerobic compared to anaerobic exercises at high altitude; and the effects, positive or negative, of training at altitude. A drastic case study will be cited to demonstrate the magnitude of the effect of altitude change on physiology.
At altitudes of over 5,000 feet, the ability to perform physical work is affected--the higher the altitude, the more severe the effects. In general, one can expect a reduction in endurance capacity as measured by the maximal oxygen consumption of 3 to 3.5 percent for every 1,000 feet ascended above 5,000 feet. Work performance and maximum oxygen consumption are..."

From the Paper
" Baseball was one of the most significant forms of popular culture in the United States at the time of the Second World War. It was, by far, the most popular sport in the country, and its stars were local and, often, national heroes. It was a truly national pastime, as professional teams from the large northeastern and midwestern cities competed with each other, minor league teams drew crowds in small towns all over the country, and radio listeners swelled the number of fans. A great body of popular lore had grown up around the subject, and the identification of baseball and American values had become axiomatic. As with any manifestation of popular culture, baseball both revealed and determined what American society valued most. But, when World War II arrived, it was inevitable that baseball would be hit much harder than other popular culture.."

From the Paper
"DETRAINING
Introduction
Detraining by athletes results in decreased effects of many aspects of muscle conditioning in the human body. Detraining changes in enzyme activity, cholesterol levels, oxygen consumption, muscle strength and endurance, and muscle atrophy are demonstrated; exercise benefits may be lost after four to eight weeks of detraining.

Effects of Detraining
The effects of proper training are numerous. Increases motor-skill performance are found; training produces adjustments to the muscles which make them injury-resistant. Exercise produces less muscle protein accumulation in the blood, indicating less tissue damage and muscle soreness for the trained.."

From the Paper
" For many professional athletes, unethical behavior has become the norm. Whether they are trying to sneak in a punch, shouting obscenities, fighting, throwing tantrums, or biting off opponents' ears, professional athletes are, increasingly, behaving like undisciplined children. Behavior in which the individual's interests are placed before everyone else's, behavior that violates the rules by which the game (or business or profession) is to be conducted, and behavior that violates the rights and interests of others, is unethical. In professional sports, such behavior is, increasingly, rewarded, applauded, and expected. And, it is seldom discouraged in any effective manner.
This growing problem stems, in large part, from the overwhelming commercialization of professional sports in the last few decades. Today, athletes are better paid, owners make bigger.."

Abstract
Baseball is called the Great American Pastime, and its history has taken place during the second half of the history of the nation. Much of that history, at least in its early manifestations, is in dispute. Baseball itself has become a source of legend.

From the Paper
"Baseball is called the Great American Pastime, and its history has taken place during the second half of the history of the nation. Much of that history, at least in its early manifestations, is in dispute. Baseball itself has become a source of legend. Baseball has also developed as an example of American big business, a game oriented toward the mass media, a unifying force in some cities and states, and an entertainment for millions of people that is much more.

Baseball begins at the end of the nineteenth century, purportedly through the efforts of a man named Abner Doubleday, a West Point graduate, a Civil War general, and later a contributor to newspapers and magazines. Doubleday never mentioned baseball in the articles he wrote and never claimed to have invented the ..."

From the Paper
"Economic Benefits to States & Cities of Sponsoring The Olympics
Introduction
This research examines the economic benefits to states and cities of sponsoring the Olympic Games. As the term "states" is used in this research, the reference may be either a country or to a component of a federal system, such as a state in the United States. Among the issues addressed in this research are the following: (1) how states and cities generate revenues to support their sponsorship of the Olympics, as well as how such revenue generation may be maximized; and (2) the nature and scope of the economic benefits to a state or city of sponsorship of the Olympic Games.
Revenue Generation
The costs associated with staging sports events, including..."

From the Paper
"Introduction
The film Jerry Maguire (Christoper Crowe, 1996) tells the story of a sports agent whose experience illustrates a number of issues in business and interpersonal communications. Many of Maguire's problems derive from his communication failures or the failures of the business he is in to have an ethical and value-centered communications record. Indeed, the film shows how the ideals of business communications as a subject in business schools can clash with the reality of business in the real world and how often businesses are conducted with an ethical veneer that is just that--a veneer that hides the unethical, uncaring, and money-directed corporate culture beneath the surface. The business of sports agent and sports marketing indeed would seem to be one where the ethical rules are often bent, though what the..."

From the Paper
"This study will examine the 1994 strike in major league baseball in 1994 and the long-term results of that strike. The argument of the study is that while the strike was devastating to baseball in 1994, shortening two seasons in 1994 and 1995, by 1998 the long-term damage done to the game had been almost entirely eliminated.


The basic issue of the salary cap was one which in the first place was not of great interest to fans, and whatever damage was done by the strike was undone in large part because of the excitement generated in 1998 by the home-run race between Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire, but also because. for better or worse, baseball remains the national pastime and fans of the sport eventually forget, or at least forgive, and return to the game with as much fervor as ever."

Abstract
This research will examine the influence of social norms on the participation of females in athletic activity. The research will examine studies showing how strongly social expectations and socially determined sex roles limit participation of adolescent and adult females in physical activity, and then discuss ways in which cultural pressures are reflected in female-student behavior in elementary school physical-education classes and school-recess activities.

From the Paper
"Introduction
This research will examine the influence of social norms on the participation of females in athletic activity. The research will examine studies showing how strongly social expectations and socially determined sex roles limit participation of adolescent and adult females in physical activity, and then discuss ways in which cultural pressures are reflected in female-student behavior in elementary school physical-education classes and school-recess activities. Based on this research and on observations of behavior at an elementary school, this study will suggest possible changes in the physical education curriculum that can encourage activity for girls and help them connect it to positive social experience."

A 1997 government report on research into female

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of gender and racial discrimination in sport both at college as well as professional level. It attempts to dispel the myths regarding women equality and meritocracy in sports, such that women earn through professional as well as college sports as much as their male counterparts. It examines the struggles involving women recognition in sports through the history of basketball which evolved in 1891 but only allowed women players in 1971 and the differences in women participation in college sports and professional sports. The paper also outlines the racial desegregation of college and professional sports, bringing out the similarities and the differences to that of gender bias.

From the Paper
"Though women face various challenges in the name of discrimination in sports oriented activities and career advancements, women in college sports face less resistance due to the fact that at college level, friendships and relationships are more sound and meaningful than at a professional level where shrewd politics dominate the sports scenario and extreme resistance is faced by women who are professional athletes. Moreover, in college sports, due to combined activities, women get more or less the same facilities and coaching aid that their male friends receive. Alternately, women athletes on a professional level are struggling hard to receive better or equal facilities than men athletes."

Tags: college, discrimination, racial, desegregation, basketball, women, blacks, whites

Abstract
The paper explores how, over the past decade, women's athletics has seen an exceptional increase in popularity. While "traditional" women's sportssuch as tennis, gymnastics and ice-skating have always been popular among the American public, other sports such as soccer, basketball and boxing are gaining new fans. The paper shows, however, that the popularity of women in sports has not been an overnight phenomenon. It explores how women athletes have been slowly knocking down barriers for decades, from Wilma Rudolph (track) to Billie Jean King (tennis) to Nancy Lieberman Kline (basketball), women athletes have done more than just compete, that have campaigned for the inclusion of women in sports and have been outstanding advocates for women in athletics. This paper explores the rise of women's participation in athletics and how the present day has witnessed the best support for women athletes in American history.

From the Paper
"Undeniably, women have made remarkable strides in athletics. Women athletes have much more issues to conquer than their male counterparts. For example, male athletes do not have to deal with sexism and a culture that prevents them from realizing their true potential. A revolutionary law, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity at any educational institution that is a recipient of federal funds. Since the enacting Title IX there has been over an eight hundred percent increase in athletics participation among high school girls. The increase in the number of females participating in sports at all levels from elementary school to professional athletes lies in the paradigm shift in our shared values and beliefs."

Tags: sport, administration, Title, IX, of, the, Education, Amendments, Olympics