Abstract This paper examines how the ancient Greeks determined who would win the pentathlon, a competition of professional athletes who participated in numerous sporting events in Olympia. The author discusses the Olympiad Games, who was allowed to participate, particular events-javelin, discus, wrestling, etc., festivities, and awards presented to victors.
From the Paper "An event that was intended to show all-round development was the pentathlon. Five events were included in this activity. They were running, long jumping, discus throw, javelin throw, and wrestling. The exact order of events and the precise method of determining a winner are not known. Wrestling is believed to have been the last event and may have decided the winner of the pentathlon if a participant did not have a clear advantage in the first four events. Historians have somewhat been able, with some degree of certainty, to determine how the winner of the pentathlon was actually decided. If a point system had been employed, as in our modern games, there would be no difficulty in crowning a champion; however, no evidence has been produced to support a point system in the Greek pentathlon. With the absence of such a scoring system, we are able only to present some theories and assumptions about the Greek pentathlon."
Abstract This paper examines the life, achievements and tragic death of great American sprinter Florence Griffith-Joyner. The author looks at the controversy caused by her death and the possibility of the athlete's consumption of drugs that may have caused her sudden premature death.
From the paper:
"Florence Griffith-Joyner, the great American sprinter, became the most admired athlete at the 1988 Olympic Games, when she won three gold medals as a sprinter. Ten years later she died suddenly. In this article, I consider her achievements, her lifestyle and the controversy caused by her death."
Abstract This paper gives the history of the AAGPBL (league represented in the movie "A League of Their Own")and its importance to American history. Paper comes complete with footnotes, graphics and an introduction fitting to today. It deals with the issues of patriotism and equality which drove the women of the team.
From the Paper "As a result of the tragic occurrences on September 11, 2001 the United States of America has seen a major influx of patriotism and civilian assistance/support. The country has not seen a mobilization of this nature since World War I and II. One group who did their part both then and now are the women of the United States. The following is the story of the All-American Girls Professional (Softball) Baseball League from 1943-1954 - a group of women who fought through the early notions that (feminine) women could not play the masculine sport of baseball - while at the same time benefiting the country in both the social and entertainment spheres.
Abstract This paper looks at the chivalric code that was required of a knight during medieval times. The author discusses who became knights, who they held allegiance to, how they behaved at tournaments, and their strong sense of loyalty. The paper also discusses how such knights were supposed to display great heroism, strength, bravery, and politeness towards women.
From the Paper "The knights in the aristocratic courts represented the chivalric virtues and vowed their allegiance and service as to be their primary and foremost responsibility. The knight was one of the three types of fighting men that used to fight in the battleground during the time of the middle ages. Becoming a knight was a part of a feudal agreement. These knights had a firm and strict belief in the code of chivalry. These knights took a pledge that they would always defend the weak and the powerless that are defenseless against any sort of tyranny and oppression. The other codes of conduct they pledged to obey were that they would always be extremely courteous to all women and all ladies."
This paper looks at all aspects of skateboarding both personal athletic benefits and problems with society and relates them to why it shouldn't be a crime.
Abstract This paper's claim is that skateboarders should not be portrayed as delinquents, vandals, or insurance liabilities, but as athletes participating in an individual sport wherever they can to the best of their abilities. It provides an overall summary of the history of skateboarding as a sport, latest trends and social nuances of different skateboarding techniques.
Table of Contents
I. The history of skateboards and skateboarding.
II. Street skating
III. Skateparks
IV. Description of a dedicated skateboarder.
V. Skateboarding is an athletic sport
VI. Conclusion
From the Paper "Stereotypes are what takes the sport of skateboarding and turns it around from a sport to a problem. People view skateboarders as rule breaking, rebellious vandals just because their playing field happens to be where they are not supposed to be. Not only this but people will think of some skateboarders as "punks"; because of the clothes they wear and the music they listen to. No one will take the time or effort to view skateboarders as what they really are, athletes. Instead they would rather bash the sport because of the image that skateboarders have been stuck with due to the stereotypes and false accusations of the lifestyle of the modern skateboarder. "
Abstract The paper gives a brief history of the many great sporting moments that all Canadians will remember, while showing some of the blunders which have given hockey and Canadians a black eye.
From the Paper "Throughout Canada's history, there have been numerous great and not so great hockey moments. Canada's domination in this sport is something that many, if not all, Canadian's take great pride and joy in. For the past century or so, Canadian families would gather together by their radio or television and watch or listen to their homegrown hockey stars take to the ice. Unfortunately there are also some blemishes on Canada's hockey history. There have been many moments in which some were disgraced to be known as a Canadian hockey fan. Nevertheless, Canada has always been, and always will be a large piece of Canadian culture."
Abstract This paper looks at legal proceedings which have been taken against personal trainers following physical injuries to their clients. By using case studies, the writer examines the risks and exposure that personal trainers face when helping others perform exercise workouts.
From the Paper "In 1996, the case of Feeney vs. Manhattan Sports Club, Inc. was brought before the Supreme Court of New York. The plaintiff had joined the sports facility and signed an agreement, which clearly stated that the facility and its employees were not qualified to "diagnose, examine or treat any medical condition, or make any other such evaluation or recommendation." The agreement also warned that new members should see a doctor before using the facility.
The plaintiff had a history of shoulder problem and had dislocated his shoulder several times. When he began using the facility, he was assigned a personal trainer, who was an employee of the club. When he asked the trainer if he could use free weights without hurting his shoulder, the trainer allegedly told him that he would have ?no problem.? The plaintiff later suffered an injury while lifting weights at the club."
Tags: exercise, trainer, legal, law, court, damage, liability, sport
Abstract The following paper examines how all Greek sports, even the Olympic events, were performed in the nude. This paper examines how nudity in and of itself wasn?t the purpose of the art, but was used to best represent the images. The writer explores how women were banned from the Olympics because it was held in a sacred area. This paper also explores how the the nudity in sports gave sculptors a reason to study the human body more closely, and its proportion and movements. The writer traces back early attempts to capture the human form and examines how over time, nude sculptures became smoother and more realistic, while still adhering to the quest for the ideal.
From the Paper "Even though sculptors eventually worked out the proportions in their work. the Greeks were not known for experimentation with style. Once they found an image that was pleasing, they tended to stick with it. The typical male statue, the Kouros style, had a very distinct pattern that was followed: ?The figure stands erect and strictly frontal with his left leg advanced, his arms tense at his sides with fists clenched. Details are represented with strength and simplicity. The eyes are big and almond-shaped, the ears large and so carved as to form a kind of decorative adjunct; the essential parts of the body are clearly defined and subject to an established canon of proportions, while muscles and bones form surface patterns on the marble. The work already has those qualities of grandeur and proportion which characterize all the best Greek sculpture throughout its history.? (Carver) The male form was the highest level of ideal beauty."
Abstract This paper examines how far women have advanced in the sporting presentation arena, yet how far they still need to go. The paper shows that despite anti-discrimination laws, women do still not receive full credibility and are sometimes seen as mere attraction points for men to watch the sport being covered. This paper looks at the history of women sportscasters and discusses whether they should be granted more credibility.
From the Paper "Women have come a long way in sportscasting; from just another "Barbie-on-the-air" image to complement the sportscasting done by men, to today's qualified and respected professional hired for her skills and knowledge. In this day of anti-discrimination laws and a greater acceptance of women traditional men's roles, it would be expected that women sportscasters would enjoy the same acceptance as men in their same field. This is not the case however, and women sportscasters often face a credibility issue with their male counterparts."
Abstract The paper describes kinesthesiology as a branch of physics dedicated to the physics involved in movement. It shows that several scientists of note contributed to this field including Aristotle, who applied geometry to the acts of walking, running and jumping. The paper describes that as a dancer moves across the stage force is transferred from one element to another. This paper explores the body mechanics involved in all phases of the ballet leap, called the jete?.
Table of contents
Introduction
Phases of the Jete?
Analysis of the Muscles Involved
Analysis of the Injuries Prone to the Movement
From the Paper "The landing phase of the leap is by far the most dangerous. If the body is not positioned properly to absorb the impact, injuries could be extensive, particularly if they cause a fall. Every part of the body is at risk in a fall situation. Injuries could be more severe involving broken bones, especially in the ankle and foot of the leading leg. If a fall is involved bruising could result."
Abstract This paper examines the evolution of skating and the emersion of inline skating. It reviews the museum exhibition, "Inline Skating into The 21st Century and Beyond? and describes the history of the wheel and other inventions that make the sport inline skating possible today. The paper includes color illustrations and photographs.
Table of Contents
1. Description of Exhibit
2. The History of Inline Skating
3. Roller Blading
4. Exhibition Checklist
5. Marketing Analysis
6. Administrative Matters
7. Conclusion
From the Paper ""Inline Skating Into The 21st Century and Beyond" will trace the roots of the wheel and how thru numerous developments and innovations the popular sport of inline skating was born. The exhibit will provide a retelling of how the wheel was invented, and outline the various inventions that were made possible because of the invention of the wheel with the primary focus on the evolution and history of inline skating. Moreover, the exhibit will present inline skating in all its many forms, including roller skating, ice skating and roller blading. "
Abstract This paper discusses the magnitude of importance football has in the American South. The paper uses many adjectives pertaining toward the subject.
From the Paper "It is third down and long. The quarterback is under center, and his receivers are split out wide. He takes the snap, fakes the hand-off, and drops back into the pocket. He surveys the defense, and fires a perfect strike into the back of the end zone for the game -winning touchdown. Victory! Daleville High School defeats Enterprise High School for the first time ever. His teammates hoist the quarterback onto their shoulders, and jubilantly carry him off the field. Abruptly, the dream changes. He drops back in the pocket, releases the ball, and it is intercepted. Suddenly, the young man awakens and gratefully realizes he is only dreaming. With sweat beading on his forehead, he props back on his pillows and contemplates the next night's big game. (Deep in Southeast Alabama the magnitude of the football rivalry between the Daleville Warhawks and the Enterprise Wildcats can be understood through the sights, sounds, and smells.)"
Discusses how non-sports related programs can be incorporated into education of high school & college athletes to prepare them for the business world. Importance, issues.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 26 sources, 2001, $ 119.95
From the Paper "This research examines the need for career-development programs to help athletes of high school and college age to develop their full potential as individuals outside the venue of sports. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which career-development programs have become an important issue and then to discuss how aspects of career development can be incorporated into the educational experience of young athletes and have relevance to the course of their entire lives.
A hard truth of the world of business that emerged in the late 20th century that the days of the 25-year gold watch are days of yore. This is the case even though the decade of the 1990s brought unprecedented prosperity of long duration to the industrial democracies, especially the USA. But in the midst of ..."
Strides made by African Americans over past 50 years. Historical & social contexts of ongoing problems of discrimination, especially at managerial level.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 11 sources, 2001, $ 79.95
From the Paper "While there is far less stereotyping and racism in professional sports than there was, fifty years ago with respect to African Americans, and while African Americans have made tremendous strides in many pro sports, some degree of stereotyping and discrimination still remains, though it is far more subtle than in the past. Richard Lapchick writes of the great breakthrough achieved by Jackie Robinson, the first black player to reach the big leagues of professional baseball, but he concludes his Introduction with these starling words:
The book is also the story of how little has changed since Jackie Robinson took that courageous step. America has made many promises to its people. The promise of racial equality is one that has been broken time and time again. Some commentators have said that time is running out, that it is..."
From the Paper " The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece in 776 BC and continued until 395 AD. The games were held at Olympia on the Peloponnesse and attracted visitors from all over the Greek world. The central attraction was the games, of course, but Olympia, the site of the games, was also a reason many visitors came just to see this huge architectural achievement. The games were revived a century ago and have become a major business enterprise televised around the world, and countries compete for the right to host both the winter and summer games.
The ancient games were held in honor of Zeus, the supreme god in Greek mythology, and visitors to Olympia were making a pilgrimage to Zeus's most sacred place, the grove known as Altis (Swaddling 7). There are several legends regarding the origin..."
