Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors and Awareness

Paper Summary:

This paper discusses the relatively new syndrome - juvenile type 2 diabetes. It describes the etiology, incidence and epidemiology of the disease. The paper then presents a research proposal analyzing the prevalence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes among a sample of middle school children in Bergen County. It specifically looks at the awareness of type 2 diabetes in children in Bergen County, its causes and how it can be prevented.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Insulin Resistance: Etiology
Incidence and Epidemiology
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Secondary Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Literature Review
Study Design
Data Collection
Theoretical basis of the study
Conclusion

From the Paper:

"Those who contract diabetes in childhood are more likely to contract coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular diseases in their adult lives (Baker, 2007). This disease's newfound prevalence has resulted in a name, cardiometabolic syndrome, which is gaining currency in new reports. A more recent study which followed up the results of the Sinha study found that early identification of cardiometabolic risks in children could result in earlier and more aggressive interventions to prevent progression to full-blown diabetes (Velasquez-Mieyer, 2007). Eisenmann et al found a relationship between "fatness and fitness" and insulin sensitivity amongst 7- to 9-year old children (Eisenmann, 2007). The study differentiated between obese and fit subjects, and found that those who were unfit (i.e. did not exercise often or enough) and obese had the worst fasting insulin results, while those who were in the 'normal' group had the best results. In the fat-fit groups, the values were intermediate. The authors concluded that exercise, with and without obesity, reduce chances of developing insulin resistance. A recent study published in JAMA demonstrated the effects of a weight management and exercise program on overweight children (Savoye, 2007). This randomized controlled trial followed 209 overweight children, aged 8 to 16 years of age. 135 participants completed a 6 month study, while 119 (53%) completed a 12-month study. Although the researchers established three arms (control, exercise and diet), they had to discontinue enrollment in the diet arm due to 'a high dropout rate.' The study measured reductions in BMI and concomitant insulin resistance, but the weight loss failure is indicative of the difficulty in changing eating behaviors amongst pre-teens and teens."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Austin, S. K. (2007). School-Based Overweight Preventive Intervention Lowers Incidence of Disordered Weight-Control Behaviors in Early Adolescent Girls. Arch Ped & Adol Med , 161; 865-869.
• Baker, J. O. (2007). Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. NEJM ; Vol 357; 2329-2337.
• Buts, J.-P. D. (1993). Maturation of villus and crypt cell functions in rat small intestine. Digestive Diseases and Sciences; Vol. 38, Number 6; pp. 1091-1098.
• Eisenmann, J. D. (2007). Fatness, Fitness, and Insulin Sensitivity Among 7- to 9-Year-Old Children. Obesity , Vol. 15; pp. 2135-2144.
• Fagot-Campagna, A. P. (2000). type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Petar , vol. 136(5); pp. 664-672.

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