Repeating Grades and Self-Esteem

Paper Summary:

Among the many reform efforts currently undertaken to improve education in the United States is a trend toward holding students back from advancing to the next grade until they have mastered certain skills. The idea of social promotion has fallen out of favor; instead, the focus is on retention

From the Paper:

"The Effect of Retention at the Third Grade Level on Children's Self-Esteem
I. The Problem
Introduction
Among the many reform efforts currently undertaken to improve education in the United States is a trend toward holding students back from advancing to the next grade until they have mastered certain skills. The idea of social promotion has fallen out of favor; instead, the focus is on retention.


However, there is controversy about the value of retention. Educators disagree about the value of retention and the harm of social promotion, both intellectually and psychologically. Gordon (1999) asserted that retention is ill-advised and that..."

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