Paper Summary:

The paper describes the symptoms of West Nile virus (WNV) in horses and looks at the incubation period for this virus and its mortality rate. The paper also discusses the serological tests used to diagnose WNV and the preventive management practices that can be used to minimize the risk for transmission of the virus from infected mosquitoes. In addition, the paper examines the vaccines available and presents a vaccination schedule for horses by age and type. Figures that help illustrate the points made are included with the paper.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Transmission of West Nile Virus
Symptoms
Incubation Period and Similar Neurological Disorders
Serological tests For WNV Diagnosis
Vaccination Schedule Recommendations
Most Effective Vaccine
Vaccination Schedule
Treatment Regimen
Tracking Spread of West Nile Equine Infection
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper:

"West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne virus, which can cause encephalitis. West Nile encephalitis was first diagnosed in the United States when outbreak occurred in 1999 in the metropolitan area of New York City in 62 people and seven of whom did not survive the disease. First, the infection was diagnosed in several horse breeds, various zoo animals and various native species of bird and most particularly in crows. There were twenty-five horses from Long Island, New York in 1999 that were confirmed to have symptoms of West Nile encephalitis resulting in the death or euthanization of nine of the twenty-five horses. The following illustration depicts the transmission cycle of the West Nile Virus."

Sample of Sources Used:

• West Nile Virus Vaccination Guidelines (2005) American Association of Equine Practitioners. Supplement to the AAEP Guidelines for Vaccination of Horses, January 2001. Online available at: http://www.aaep.org/pdfs/AAEP_WNV_Guidelines_2005.pdf
• West Nile Encephalitis in Horses (nd) Penn State University. College of Agricultural sciences - Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Online available at: http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/un008.pdf
• Society for General Microbiology (2008, August 22). New And Improved Test For West Nile Virus In Horses. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/08/080819213052.htm
• Animal Health Monitoring & Surveillance (2008) West Nile Virus - States with Equine Cases, Total Cases as of September 2, 2008 - 42. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
• West Nile Virus (2004) Veterinary Services. Aphis.usda.gov. 2004 October Online available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahwnv.html

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