Urban Water and Sewerage

Paper Summary:

This paper explains that the importance of the growth and development of modern plumbing and sewerage has only been realized with the growth of the cities and the development of technology. The author describes the development of methods for supplying water to cities such as Chicago, New York City Philadelphia. The paper relates that the discovery of the direct relationship of disease and waterborne bacteria led further to the growth of plumbing; today the goal of every community to have a safe water supply is supported by many local, state and federal agencies and legislation.

From the Paper:

"The first types of privies developed by men were of wood. From this came better structures made of metal. To a certain extent, they became the hallmarks of men of high esteem in the society. This is also reflected in the shape and facilities that are available in the bathrooms of the well-to-do today. The toilet was first called an outhouse. There was a certain Mr. William Byrd in 1730. He was the chief magistrate of the colonial court. His outhouse was made of brick in contrast to the then general construction of wood. Here the privy was semi-circular in shape and had five holes of different sizes. Thus the status of the individual was also probably measured by the privy. Thomas Jefferson was one of the few who had an indoor privy, and this was operated through a system of pulleys."

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