Over-Training

Paper Summary:

This paper explains that the quest for the gold medal and the residual fame and fortune forces younger athletes from college and high school to over-train, especially in wresting where there is a motivation to reduce weight and perform at a lower weight category to have a superior strength advantage. The author points out some of the symptoms of over-training are the decreased ability to perform in terms of strength, power, muscle endurance, cardiovascular endurance and flexibility, a decreased in tolerance to training, prolonged recovery times, altered resting heart rate, chronic fatigue, involuntary eating disorders, disruptions in menstrual cycles, and psychological problems. The paper proposes that IgA, a protein of the family of immunoglobulins found in the mucus membrane of the mouth, be used as a marker of over-training.

Table of Contents
Preamble
The Problems
Dehydration
Over-Training
Symptoms of Over-Training
Injuries from Over-Training
Physiological Markers
Guidelines to Avoid Over-Training
Over-Training and A Weakening Immune System
Supporting Evidence for Proposal
Conclusion

From the Paper:

"The Profile of Mood States is an important psychological marker that can be used to create an emotional profile of an athlete. This is a high profile often used questionnaire than is extensible to different surroundings. The original questionnaire contained sixty-five questions. Later the questions were reduced to thirty. Test subjects often have to rate different psychological parameters on a scale of one to five. One being "no influence;: five being "completely affected." The questionnaire is subdivided into six subheadings: Tension-anxiety, Depression-dejection Anger-hostility, Vigor-activity (physical or mental strength), Fatigue-inertia (Remaining inactive) and Confusion-bewilderment. In order to avoid confusion with the answers of athletes who might not be completely forthcoming Morgan and co-workers developed graphical representations of the Profile of Mood States. This is called the Morgan Iceberg profile."

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