An overview of mechanical failure due to fatigue crack.
Written in 2008; 929 words; 5 sources; APA; $ 33.95
Paper Summary:
This paper seeks to explore the crack growth fracture mechanics with a focus on the factors that influence the fatigue crack growth rate and how the Paris-Erdogan equation can be used to predict fatigue crack growth as well as in the calculation of crack growth rate. The paper also presents research on modes of mechanical failure.
"According to Hancock, G. J. (2003, p.125), fracture mechanics is used to predict the effect of cracks on the durability and integrity of structures and components. It helps in detecting cracks in structure before a crack grows to significant length as a result of sustained stress cycles. During fatigue, crack growth rate can be calculated by the Paris-Erdogan equation given by da/dn = C (Δk)n where a represents the crack length, n represents the number of fatigue cycles, Δk represents the applied stress intensity factor range while c and m are considered to be constants of a material. Δk increases with time as a load is applied due to the growth of the crack. For a crack of length a, the rate of crack growth given by da/dn per cycle varies with Δk. Where c and m are constant with m between 2 and 4. The upper limit of a crack growth rate curve represents the fracture toughness of the material while the lower limit is the threshold. There is characterization of sub-critical crack growth using linear plastic fracture mechanics parameters and acoustic emission data to predict crack propagation rates. This determines the number of cycles required for an existing crack to attain a substantial size. (Reuter, W. G, Robert, S. P. 2002, p.458)Acoustic emissions are elastic stress waves generated by a rapid release of energy from a localized source within a stressed material. Fatigue crack growth rate is influenced by many factors some of which include: notch radius where research indicates presence of higher fatigue crack growth rate in a blunt notch. This is because of accumulation of fatigue damage at the tip of the notch initiating the crack a head of the notch. Material strength, initial crack tip condition, mean stress, overload as well as non-proportional load determine the crack growth rate. Research has also shown that ferroelectric ceramics experience cracking and mechanical degradation when subjected to large alternating electric fields. (Anderson, T.L., 2005, p.455)"
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