Facial Paralysis

Paper Summary:

This paper explains that paralysis of the face is extremely traumatic because the face is the most important part of human existence; thereby, paralysis causes devastating physical and psychological problems. The author points out that the primary objective of surgery for facial paralysis is to restore spontaneous symmetrical animation. The paper underscores that the way that etiology serves as the base for the surgical plan, which has different requirements between adults and children. The author describes various modern surgical techniques including nerve grafts and muscle transfer and the use of electromyography before and after the direct neurotization technique to the muscles of the eye sphincter, depressor, tongue and smile restoration to improve function.

Table of Contents:
Plastic Surgery- Facial Paralysis: Considerations
Direct Neurotization Technique in Facial Paralysis during Facial Reanimation
All Etiologies of Facial Paralysis: Congenital, Post Traumatic, Secondary to Tumor Excision
Direct Nerve to Muscle Neurotization of Eye Sphincter (Orbicularis Ori Muscle, 12Lips Depressor, Smile Restoration and Tongue Specifically
Specific Indications for the Technique (Direct Muscle Neurotization in Facial Reanimation)
Electromyography
Evaluation and Conclusion

From the Paper:

"The condition of facial paralysis is therefore called 'Bell's Palsy'. (2) At that time the causes of the paralysis was not discovered. Today there are different methods of finding the cause and remedy of many types of paralysis. "Bell's Palsy" is now used to "refer to a condition where the cause cannot be ascertained". Today most surgeons treat all paralysis as 'Bell's Palsy', which is erroneous. In determining the cause of and the nature of the condition, it is necessary to take in the results of the examination of ear, nose, throat, neck, and the 'parotid' glands."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Buncke H J. Facial Paralysis - Reanimation. California Pacific Medical Center. [online]. 2007 [cited 2008 Feb 16]. Available from: URL: http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/microsurg/procedures/facial-animation.html
• Sataloff J, ThayerSataloff R. Occupational Hearing Loss. CRC Press. 2006.
• Kim JYS, Bienstock A, Ketch L. Facial Nerve Paralysis, Dynamic Reconstruction. [online]. 2007 [cited 2008 Feb 16]. Available from: URL: http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic218.htm
• Romo T, Millman AL. Aesthetic Facial Plastic Surgery: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Thieme. 2000.
• Park SS. Facial Plastic Surgery: The Essential Guide. Thieme. 2005.

More papers on Facial Paralysis:

• Research Paper # 111136 : "Facial Expressions"
• Term Paper # 129924 : "Conscious Hypnagogic Intermittent Paralysis"
• Descriptive Essay # 56016 : "Bell's Palsy"

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