Cryptography

Paper Summary:

The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in the telecommunication and computer sector, has brought a paradigm shift to our communication methodology. The Internet has revolutionized the world of communication, and today we are living in a global village without any geographical limitations. This paper shows that the change in business methodology indicated by the unprecedented growth of e-commerce is not without its problems. The loopholes in the new technology provide a fertile ground for miscreant elements. Hackers are on the increase, and the Net seems not all that safe and confidential. This paper discusses cryptography, which is the science of data encryption, a technology that provides for a safe, secure, and private information exchange. Cryptography has evolved from its primitive form, and today it is studied as a separate subject. Encryption has become an integral part of our security provisions, and it provides for safe transmissions through a path infested with hackers and snoopers and other kinds of offenders who use their technical expertise to intrude into and threaten the privacy and confidentiality of our vital data. The paper discusses the application of cryptography, with a brief overview of the basic mathematics and the different algorithms.

Paper Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Basic Encryption Methods
Transposition
Key Based Encryption
Symmetric Key Encryption
Public Key Encryption
Socket Security Layer
Encryption Standard
Crypto Algorithms
Stream Ciphers
Frequency Analysis
Block Ciphers
Electronic Code Book Mode
Cipher Block Chaining
Cipher Feedback
Output Feedback (OFB Mode)
Key length and Security
Basic Mathematics of Cryptography
Arriving at the Decryptor
Random Numbers and Key Security
The Need for Encryption
Attacks on Medical Records
Attacks on the Pentagon
Future of Encryption Technology
Quantum Cryptography
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper:

"Block ciphers operate on a block of plain text and encrypt them with a key of a particular length to yield a block of cipher text. For this purpose the given string is divided into blocks and encryption algorithm is applied to the individual blocks. The DES is currently one of the best-known block ciphers and also the standard followed by the American government for the past twenty years. Obviously problems arise when we try to use the same crypto key for identical blocks of plain text. This reveals clear pattern in the transmitted cryptogram making it easy for the hacker to decrypt the message. The essential property of a successful algorithm is the need to produce cryptograms without any obvious patterns that can be related to the individual blocks of the plain text."

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