Cross-Cultural Communications

Paper Summary:

In this article, the writer looks at various customs and practices that are present in Japan. The writer demonstrates that in many ways such customs and business practices are different from those in America. The writer points out that when negotiating in Japan, it is best to observe a highly deferential communication style, as opposed to a confrontational style. Further, the writer explains that debate and an open show of disharmony will make a negotiator seem rude, rather than dominant or skillful. In this essay, the writer discusses different types of communication and presents an overview of Japanese styles and customs.

Outline:
Communication Style and Preference
Formal/Informal
Linguistic Differences
Language Barriers and Interpretation
Nonverbal Communication (body language, eye contact, space)
Structure of Business Correspondence
Cultural Norms and Religious Influences
Organizational Structure of Businesses
Hierarchy & Leadership style
Individual or Group Orientation
Role of Women
Negotiation Process
Style and Phrases
Deadlines
Rules of Engagement
Family and Social Structure
Hospitality
Ethical Considerations
Legal and Government Considerations
Codes
Labor Regulations
Works Cited

From the Paper:

"The Japanese are likely to know that shaking hands rather than bowing is considered appropriate by Americans, but be prepared to bow, nonetheless. One lesser-known fact is that an American should avoid making the 'OK' sign, as in Japan it means money rather than affirmation. Pointing is simply considered rude."
"As in all nations with different nonverbal protocols, avoid using large hand signals, extremely animated facial expressions and dramatic movements that could be misinterpreted by one's host. Also, although the Japanese may be prepared for American communication differences, it is worth remembering that the Japanese do not talk with their hands and to do so with great animation could distract the Japanese, rather than prove an asset to communication."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Williams, D. "Japan." Global Edge. [6 Oct 2007] http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/offsite.asp?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ecyborlink%2Ecom&ResourceCategoryID=17&CategoryTitleText=Reference%3A+Culture&ResourceLinkText=Business+Etiquette+Around+the+World&GRPage=GR%5FCulture%2Easp&ResourceCategoryDataID=2185
• Yamakawa, Ryuichi. "The Silence of Stockholders: Japanese Labor Law from the Viewpoint of Corporate Governance." Special Topic. JP Bulletin. Vol.38-No.11 November 1,1999. [6 Oct 2006] <http://www.jil.go.jp/bulletin/year/1999/vol38-11/04.htm>

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