Analyzes three articles about criminal justice research from "Voices from the Field: Readings in Criminal Justice Research " by Pope, Lovell and Brandl (Ed.).
Abstract This paper examines the sampling techniques presented in three articles from "Voices from the Field: Readings in Criminal Justice Research " by Pope, Lovell and Brandl (Ed.). In each article, the author compares the sampling process to the optimal technique for the purpose of the study and analyzes the representativeness of the population from which it was drawn. The articles are 'Heavy Metal Music Preference, Delinquent Friends, Social Control, and Delinquency' by Singer and Levine, 'Collective and Normative Features of Gang Violence' by S. Decker and 'A Badge and a Baccalaureate' by R. Warden. The paper concludes that sampling is critical to the reliability of the study.
From the Paper "The first article is 'Heavy Metal Music Preference, Delinquent Friends, Social Control, and Delinquency'. The population used was public and private senior high school students in a large, New York suburban community. Using school board lists, 1,475 students were sampled. Of this number, interviews were completed with 705 youths. This study used proportionate sampling as its sampling technique. Crucial to this type of sampling is that the study specified the probability that any given element is included."
Tags: optimal reliability, senior high school students, active gang members, cluster sampling
A study proposal to examine the hypothesis that the provision of violence and substance abuse education and conflict resolution should reduce teen relationship violence.
Abstract This paper looks at how teenage relationship violence is due to factors in their environment, lack of education and support networks. It examines the thesis that increased interventions within schools, youth and community centers should reduce teen violence in relationships, and increase knowledge about what constructs an abusive relationship. It proposes a study whose aim is to give teens vital information about abusive behavior within relationship and to provide information to parents, teachers, caregivers, administrative staff members and friends of peers about what to do if they believe a child may be in an abusive relationship.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem Statement
Hypotheses
Research Questions
The Study Rationale
The Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The Research Methodology
Design
Inclusion Criteria
Sampling Recruitement of Subject
Intervention
Statical Analysis
From the Paper "The most common types of abuse amongst teens are emotional, verbal, as well as physical. Emotional and verbal abuse is manifested through name calling, bullying, teasing, threats and keeping them away from family members. Whereas, physical abuse takes on a more aggressive bodily harm such as hitting, shoving, grabbing, kicking or punching and sexual abuse or rape. (CDC, 2006). Each case may involve a multitude of warning signs visible to parents, friends and teachers of the occurring abuse within the teen's relationship. These warning signs include explained injuries, a dramatic drop in the child's grades, extreme mood swings, difficulty sleeping, isolation, drug and alcohol usage, eating disorders, depression, unwanted pregnancies and suicide attempts. "
Abstract This literature review concentrates on two main areas: the problems and issues faced by solitary developers working small-scale software projects, and the use and problems of 4GL "production" tools in this development environment. It presents the solitary applications developer in a holistic manner, and discusses the issues and problems of this ever-expanding group of computer professionals.
From the Paper "The proliferation of PC-based computers in the work environment, and the realized utility they can provide, has spawned the growing need for "small-scale" software application development. Traditional software engineering has sometimes dismissed these "small" projects as not being worthy of serious attention, but such projects increasingly make up the bread and butter of many developers? responsibility (McConnell, 1997). A "1 x 3" project, whereas one developer works for 3 months to complete the application, may not be a business mission-critical commodity but end-users of these applications still expect to receive a usable, reliable, quality software product. Many of these applications are built using fourth generation language (4GL) development environments (i.e. Visual Basic, Delphi, PowerBuilder) that allow applications developers to quickly produce GUI-based applications such as database information systems, task/domain-specific applications, and client/server based software (Harrison et. al., 1995; Komiya, 1993). The application development is usually done in close proximity or coordination with the ultimate end user(s) of the application."
Tags: technology, development, programmer, programming, project, systems
From the Paper "The twenty participants were required to complete an anagram task in a set time of 12 minutes within the mere presence of the other participants. (Task 1.) They were then required to complete a similar anagram task with the object of evaluation. (Task 2.) The results showed that the mean number of correct answers was significantly higher in the anticipated evaluation task than in the mere presence task."
Tags: an, animal, behavior, facilitation, in, increases, is, its, occur, of, others, presence, said, social, the, to, when
Abstract This research paper addresses the question of whether the first onset of sexual intercourse can be foreseen by observing anti-social behavior, drug abuse, or other factors.
From the Paper "There are two working hypotheses for this study: 1. The authors hypothesize that ?one of the strongest predictors of early onset of sexual activity is that antisocial behavior develops in childhood and continues into adolescence,? and 2. Those initiating intercourse in early, mid-, and late adolescence, or not initiating during the study period, would show differing trajectories for the predictor variables...? "
Abstract This paper analyzes five of the most commonly used methods of risk management, establishes the differences, similarities and effectiveness among the given methods. and then draws conclusions regarding the effectiveness of each method.
From the Paper "Project development, especially in the software related field, due to its complex nature, could often encounter many unanticipated problems, resulting in projects falling behind on deadlines, exceeding budgets and result in sub-standard products. Although these problems cannot be totally eliminated, they can however be controlled by applying Risk Management methods. This can help to deal with problems before they occur. Organisations who implement risk management procedures and techniques will have greater control over the overall management of the project. "
Abstract |This paper investigates whether higher education levels of employees effects their work performance, motivation and their need for training. The author looks at requirements and issues around occupational research methodology.
From the Paper "Feasibility of a study depends on five aspects. These are; time, type of research participants, expense, expertise of the experimenter and ethical sensitivity. Without consideration for the above, many researchers may find it difficult to conduct their research and in addition, their results may risk inaccuracy (Christensen, 1997)."
Abstract Lab report on fingerprints and genetics. The author describes two experiments conducted to test whether gender effects traits and to find out the composition of fingerprints. Included is a full discussion of the methods and materials used, the results and a discussion about the findings.
From the Paper "In this lab, we had two purposes. The first was to find out what a traits a baby would have when genes are randomly thrown together. Our other purpose was to find out what type of fingerprints we have and compare them to the rest of the class. One question was whether gender had anything to do with what traits that a baby would receive. In the fingerprint experiment, our question was which type of fingerprint is most popular in the class. To find the answer to these questions, four sources were used. The first was a handout, which told us how to do the experiment. Second, Facts about Friedreich's Ataxia told about the affect genetics has on inherited traits. Third, The Flint Journal was used to explain that fingerprint types are not equally represented in a population, and how this is useful. Last, the Laboratory Manual would show us the different types of fingerprints."
Tags: genetical, makeup, traits, experiment, lab, report, research
Abstract Lab report on membranes, what they are, how they are composed and how solutions pass through them. The author discusses the methods used, the results and conclusions.
From the Paper "In this lab, our purpose was to find out what can pass through a selectively permeable membrane, called diffusion, in a model cell. Part of this question was to find out what happened when things, such as water, did pass through the membrane. Later, we found out what happens when things pass through membranes, such as those of red blood cells. Our question was whether or not the substances in the tubes were clear enough to read through. To find the answers to these questions, we used the Laboratory Manual, a Handout, the skj journal, and science magazine. We used these sources to help us do the lab, and to guarantee we got the right answers to our questions from doing the lab. In our first experiment, our hypothesis was that there would be no change in the size of the model cell because the solutions are isotonic. Alternately, our hypothesis was that the cell would change sizes due to the difference in concentration of the solutions. In the second experiment, we hypothesized that only one or two of the tubes would become clear enough for us read through. Our alternate hypothesis for this experiment was that all of the tubes would become clear enough to read through. From our results, we can conclude that our alternate hypothesis was mostly correct for part A; our original hypothesis was supported by the data in the second part of the lab."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Ebola Virus and its effects. The author examines its origins, symptoms, types and mode of transmission. The paper includes a study of the various researches done on the virus and current knowledge available.
From the Paper "Ebola is a highly lethal virus belonging to the filovirus genus and usually occurs in tropical climates of the world. The virus causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), which is a disease that can affect humans and primates (CDC 2001). With an incubation period of three to sixteen days, onset strikes fast. Symptoms of Ebola hemorrhagic fever are: fever, headache, abdominal pain, sore throat, myalgia, nausea, bleeding, oral-throat lesions, vomiting, and cough. During outbreaks, spontaneous abortion occurs in approximately 80-90% of pregnant women infected with the virus.
Abstract This paper contains information about the construction and parts of a common laser. The paper also provides a detailed description of how the laser works and discusses some of the dangers and negative aspects of lasers. The paper also covers the different uses of the laser such as leisure use, business use, and home use. Lastly, future possibilities for the laser and how it can still benefit society with uses not yet explored are discussed.
From the Paper " Lasers are high intensity beams of light emitted from a unit consisting of a flash bulb, a ruby, and opposing mirrors. Theodore Maiman first introduced these extremely strong light beams to the world in 1960. The beam emitted by the laser is very intense and can be damaging or harmful. Although harmful, lasers are also very useful tools for a wide array of tasks. Lasers are used for everything from eye surgery to leveling a ceiling. Lasers are an innovation that has withstood the test of time with people finding new and creative uses for this spectacular invention."
Abstract This is a highly specialized -- in-depth paper on Virogenomics , the deciphering of the viral genome sequence. The author looks at statistics, provides charts and graphs and traces the history of this fascinating new field.
From the Paper "Influenza, HIV, Hepatitus, Herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus are just some of the many examples of viral diseases that plague our global population today. Primitive efforts to control these viruses have mostly focused on the split product and surface antigen vaccines. Although these vaccines have proved to be helpful in initiating the immune response against these viruses, whether it be healthy adults, or elderly people with medical conditions, the coverage is often low. Viruses quickly mutate, and there are often different strains circulating, so most of the time, these types of vaccines may or may not provide any protection against these viruses."
Abstract This paper provides an in-depth examination of media-related problems and attempts to solve it through the creation of a multimedia support center for the Marine Corps. The author discusses plans for implementation, and the benefits of a new means of organization.
From the Paper "Armed forces training are usually intensive. It involves physical and mental capacity of a person. However once passed through the individual is prepared for all type of combats. With increased trends of information technology the Marine Corps organizational management has not lagged behind in training development either. Right from surveillance systems to information provision for important decision making, Marines are equipped with the best technology. How to transfer this knowledge to its new recruits is the basis of this paper. In addition, it is crucial that the IT department should be efficient, provided with tools that would reduce time of requests and turnaround feedback. The following is an attempt to discover persistent problems that could be solved with a media support center. The researcher will prove that a media support system integrated in an organization like the Marine Corps is crucial for various purposes. Gotlieb, 1995, pp 23(4)."
Abstract This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships.
Table of Contents
Reciprocal Exploitation
Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation
Offensive Strategies: cheating insects
To cheat or not to cheat?
Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating
References
From the Paper "Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon & Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that "Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another" (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to "cheat" have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow. "
Abstract This research paper analyzes the test results of CTB test for first and later borns' performance. The author provides statistical data, literary reviews and theories regarding this issue. The author introduces the studies of the Office of National Statistics and of Denise F. Polit, Ph.D.
From the Paper "The research above shows that CTB test scores are measurers of performance based on knowledge and skills of the children. Their scores do not affect their educational knowledge. Each individual was tested on their inherent traits rather then on what they achieved at schools or colleges. IN order not to differentiate them, first borns from later borns, CTB test was chosen. That is why the results that were analyzed did not show any differences in their scores except for high scorers and low scorers. The CTB test also was chosen with the view that it tested the children from all aspects yet not differentiating them in the sectional scoring. Hence, any differences in results were the results of their performance and not on their external factors like birth order, educational or ethnic background. The requirement to screen children as first or later borns was compulsory to gauge how they score against the variable of birth order."
