This paper analyzes the article, "Observation of Pain Assessment and Management: The Complexities of Clinical Practice", by Elizabeth Manis, Mari Botti, and Tracey Bucknall.
Abstract In the article, ?Observation of Pain Assessment and Management: The Complexities of Clinical Practice,? Elizabeth Manis, Mari Botti, and Tracey Bucknall focus their research on the complex issues that nurses face when dealing with pain management and assessment. This paper critiques and analyzes the article, presenting an analysis of the problem, method, sampling, data collection, and conclusions used within the article.
From the Paper "Manis, Botti and Bucknall (2002) identify that "pain assessment and management are complex issues that embrace physiological, emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions" (p. 724) and because of these complexities it is necessary to investigate nurse-patient relations associated with pain assessment and management in hospitalized, post-surgical settings. Manis et al. recognize that there has been substantial research conducted on post operative pain itself but very little has been conducted in the way of assessment and management of pain."
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes optimal fasting before elective surgery by examining clinical study information to determine if optimal fasting is necessary and, if so, what effect this has had on patient risk and morbidity. Research is obtained from sources and studies that have collected data from observation and surveys, and fieldwork studies are also included. Information is also taken from various specialists in the field of anaesthesiology. The primary objectives of the data-gathering throughout the course of the paper will be to obtain information that can determine if optimal fasting is the best standard to implement, whether there are any correlations between pulmonary aspiration and optimal fasting, and if a new standard should be implemented that lessens fasting time.
Outline
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of Research
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Research Design
Data Collection
Sample Design
Field Work
Data Analysis
Limitations of Research
Literature Review
Application of Findings
Implementation
Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper "During a study conducted in 2002 (Crenshaw & Winslow), surgical patients revealed that they were thirsty and hungry after having fasted for 12-14 hours prior to surgery. However, guidelines issued in 1999 by the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) (www.asahq.org) allow for the consumption of liquids as close as two hours before surgery and a light meal within six hours. Although the authors acknowledge ?a well-known lag between the dissemination and implementation of practice guidelines,? they maintain that it is up to the nursing staff to be "more assertive" in collaborating with attending clinicians to establish evidence-based preoperative fasting policies (Clinicians Publishing Group, 2002)."
Abstract This paper explains that Megan's Cleaning Service will use the information from this research plan to increase business by at least 50% by the end of the year. The author develops the research plan objective by objective, outlining implementation actives and defining evidence that the objective has been met. The paper states that the data will be combined and analyzed to determine the best advertising methods.
Table of Contents
Statement of the Problem
Background Information
Research Plan
Objective 1 (Developmental)
Implementation Actives
Evidence Objective 1 Has Been Met
Objective 2 (Developmental)
Implementation Actives
Evidence Objective 2 Has Been Met
Objective 3 (Developmental)
Implementation Actives
Evidence Objective 3 Has Been Met
Objective 4 (Developmental)
Implementation Actives
Evidence Objective 4 Has Been Met
Objective 5 (Developmental)
Implementation Actives
Evidence Objective 5 Has Been Met
Objective 6 (Evaluative)
Implementation Activities
Evidence Objective 6 Has Been Met
Participants
Evaluation
Design Strategy
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Budget
Personnel
Supplies
Project Timeline
Definition of Terms
Appendices: Customers Opinion Survey
Appendices: Key Survey Results
Is the Cleaning Service Important to You?
What Are the Reasons That You Do Not Use Cleaning Service?
From the Paper "Research gathering is helpful to locate the target market. Gathering and analyzing information are important to find the best probable answer for this business; how to grow. Without research, the business owner would not be able to make intelligent and logical decisions. Marketing strategy is very important to grow the business. The 4Ps of marketing: Product (cleaning service), price (how much the service will cost), place (identify the target market) and promotion (advertising type) are the key to achieving these goals. A solid investment in consistent, relatively intense advertising can get the business to an outstanding weekly sales volume. It is very important for an owner of a cleaning business to know who he/she is and what gets him/her excited. This will help the business owner reach his/her goals."
Abstract This paper explains that care for the elderly and patients suffering from dementia has become a growing problem in the nursing and health care professions because of the patient's inability to adequately communicate his or her physical and mental condition. The author believes that the facility to assess correctly levels of pain and discomfort will lead to more comprehensive pain management protocols and techniques. The paper states that a multi-dimensional research methodology will be followed, including the assessment of the ADD and PIS formats.
Table of Contents
Research Problem, Literary Review, Research Question
Introduction
Research Problem
Literature Review
Pain Assessment and Management
Ethics
Research Question
Research Method, Design/Proposed Method, Sample, Data
Proposed Outcome of the Study, Time Scale, Resources
From the Paper "While there are many studies on the objective assessment and pharmacological treatment of pain in elderly patients in general, the emphasis in this proposed study is on Dementia. This implies that a more experiential modus operandi for assessment will have to be articulated to deal with the fact that communication is the main stumbling block to assessing patients? levels of pain and discomfort. Importantly for the criteria of this proposed study, the author of the above paper states that ?physical and affective pain in people with late-stage dementia are poorly assessed and inadequately treated."
This paper is a dissertation proposal to investigate public opinion and to gain statistical evidence related to the impact of cost containment on the delivery of quality health care.
Abstract This paper explains that medicine is thought to be a profession that has lost its way, a system in which economics is now the bottom line governing treatment decisions and not the traditional value of beneficence. The author states that the research methodology will be a self-administered questionnaire to 50 recipients of health care and 50 health care providers to gather feedback relating to the effects of cost containment and opinions regarding the current system of health care spending. The paper relates that the research also will contain a survey of the health care practices in five countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, and Britain.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Defining the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Literature Review ? Health Care Cost Containment
Summary: Benefits of Cost Containment
Methodology and Procedure
Instrument
Data Collection
Subjects
Data Analysis
Assumptions
Limitations
Expectations
Appendix: Sample Survey Questionnaire
From the Paper "When done right, cost containment will actually improve the quality of health care. Scientific justification can be utilized to ensure that people needing treatments get them. Accessibility to quality care services for everyone will be broadened. Universal coverage will also ensure that insurance agencies don?t avoid providing insurance to individuals with higher needs or greater risks, and ensure that cost shifting and risk avoidance are minimized."
Tags: questionnaire, benefits, justification, accessibility, countries
Abstract This paper explains that the research examines the reasons behind the lack of women pursuing computer-related career paths and provides recommendations for attracting and keeping more women in the field. The author points out that, despite the great increase in the number of high-level positions now open to women in IT, few women seek the jobs. The paper reports that data gathering methods will be face-to-face interviews with written or taped notes and survey questionnaires.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Delimitation
Definition of Terms
Assumptions
Importance of Study
Literature Review
Research Design
Data Needed and Data Gathering Method
Research Methodology
Outline of Proposed Study
From the Paper "Statistics show that the approach to technology education may be to blame. What seemed like an attractive career option in the 1980s is no longer an attractive option for young women. ?In the early 1980s, women were turned on by technical careers because they were new and challenging,? explained Susan Metz, executive director of the Lore-El Center for Women and Engineering and Science at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ. However, since then, the number of women earning computer science degrees has declined steadily, according to the Women's Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development. Studies suggest women are losing interest because of how colleges approach technology education. According to a recently completed four-year study of 100 Carnegie Mellon students pursuing computer science degrees, there is a major gender gap in teaching technology these days.
Abstract This paper proposes a research project that would examine the effectiveness of English instruction of mathematics on Second Grade ELL (English language learners) students as compared to the effectiveness of instruction in their native language. The proposal is in response to the controversy surrounding the issue of how best to teach mathematics to children from non-English-speaking backgrounds, since it has been found that the best way for children to learn to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences is by making a connection between mathematics and their everyday lives. The paper examines whether ELL students should be taught how to make this connection in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or whether they should be immersed in English as early as possible. The paper includes an annotated bibliography and an observation checklist of lessons taught in class.
Introduction
Setting
Problem/Issue
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Subjects
Instrumentation
Significance of the Study
From the Paper "Mathematics is a powerful tool for interpreting the world. Research has shown that for children to learn how to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences, mathematics must be connected to their lives. Such connections help students to make sense of mathematics and view it as relevant. There has, however, been controversy with regard to children from non-English backgrounds and the best ways to get them to make those connections. Questions are raised regarding how to instruct these children who are referred to as English language learners (ELL?s). Should they initially be taught in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or should they be immersed in English as early as possible."
Abstract This paper assesses the hypothesis that gender difference contributes to attitudes towards learning. It looks at how learning styles inevitably play a vital part in this study as men and women tend to learn more effectively through various types of learning. It proposes a non-experimental study with a mixed opportunity sample of 30 male and female students, who were asked to complete a questionnaire. It concludes that females have a more positive attitude in reference to learning.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Hypothesis
Method
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper "There are many theories upon the concept of learning, in terms of how and why a person learns. Learning is individual to a person, and the best style for that person is developed throughout years. Some have the natural ability to be able learn, take in and store information for a future purpose, and naturally learning will be of a more positive experience. Those, however, who lack this natural ability or the ability to want to learn may find the learning process tedious and thus research suggests that a persons learning style and ability is variable upon many factors. The concept of learning styles is rooted in the classification of psychological types."
Abstract Gang involvement among teenagers is a well-researched topic of interest. Themes such as age of participation, reasons for gang involvement, demographics for gang relations, initiation rights, and family relations among gang members have all been studied and examined in current literature. The first section of this paper presents an overall view of that literature and discusses those studies and their findings. The second section of the paper presents a research plan with the hypothesis that gang activities are complex in nature and can result from many different influences. The study examines the relationship between gang activities and the independent variables and summarizes the methods and procedures used in this study. The paper includes tables.
From the Paper "Arthur and Erickson (1992) found similar results when they identified four factors that are associated with gang involvement in schools. When youths experience a sense of isolation, they tend to seek others that can relate to them. Additionally, gang members tend to target these youths for membership. The isolated youths feel a need to gain control over their areas, especially in high population school systems, where there is more competition and less likelihood to stand out in sports or other school sponsored activities. In lower income areas, the lack of social structure within the school systems lends to the alienation of youths, and increases even further the likelihood of gang involvement (Arthur and Erickson, 1992)."
Tags: teenage, self, esteem, National, Gang, Crime, Research, Center
Abstract This proposal investigates whether the concurrent implementation of lifestyle modification techniques, such as weight loss, sodium reduction, increased physical activity, and limited alcohol intake can improve pharmacotherapy in the treatment of hypertension.
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Problem Statement and Significance
V. Goal and Objectives
VI. Methods and Procedures
VII. Evaluation
VIII. Ethical Considerations
IX. References
X. Budget and Justifications
XI. Appendices
From the Paper "When treating and evaluating the disease of hypertension, it is important that the full scope and consequences of the disease be understood as well as the underlying diseases which may be responsible for hypertension. Although fewer than five percent of patients have secondary hypertension (hypertension attributed to an underlying disease) rather than primary hypertension, clinicians must be alert to these secondary causes once a patient has been identified with hypertension. Some of the secondary causes of hypertension include renovascular disease, thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, renal parenchymal disease or sleep apnea. When the secondary causes for hypertension have been ruled out, the clinician must then make the decision as to which patients require drug therapy after diagnosis. It is noted that for patients who do not have additional cardiovascular risk factors, the patient may initially be prescribed a regimen of aggressive lifestyle modification to include weight loss, aerobic exercise, sodium restriction and alcohol limitation. This aggressive lifestyle modification may be continued for up to six months if the risk factors warrant such intervention and if the patient is one who is highly motivated to alter his or her lifestyle. For those patients in whom end organ damage has already occurred (as identified by abnormal renal function testing, abnormal EKG, etc.) patients with diabetes, or stage 2 or 3 hypertension (appendix A) drug therapy is generally the preferred initial treatment. For all other patients, the stratification of risk factors should determine the therapy to be initiated. The major risk factors for cardiovascular risk stratification are smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age greater than 60 years, sex (men and postmenopausal women) and any family history of cardiovascular disease of women younger than 65 and men younger than 65. The target end organ damage associated with clinical cardiovascular disease includes left ventricular hypertrophy, angina, or prior myocardial infarction, prior coronary revascularization, heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease or retinopathy. (Appendix B)."
Abstract This paper explains that a preliminary literature review suggests excessive use of force by police agencies is very much an issue in modern society. The author outlines the proposed research questions: (1) To what extent is excessive force problematic within policing agencies? (2) What impact does excessive violence have on victims/families (short and long term) and on the public's opinion of police agencies and attitudes/responses to police efforts? (3) What can police agencies do to minimize use of excessive force within their organizations? The paper proposes an exploratory study that uses surveys to examine public opinion of the police force and a literature review from which the researcher will draw comparative conclusions with the information reaped from the survey results.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Study Objectives/Methodology
Preliminary Literature Review
Conclusion
Proposed References
From the Paper "A Gallup poll conducted in March of 1991 suggested that 20 percent of citizens knew someone who had been "mistreated" or abused by police? and estimates of excessive force from observational studies "range from 1.05 to 5.1% of citizen contacts". Other studies suggest that excessive force may be used more frequently. The aim of this study will be in part to examine to what extent use of excessive force is problematic. Some studies suggest that police are out of control and use excessive force in unnecessary situations. There is a large body of research to support this opinion. The survey conducted will in part measure public opinion regarding this issue."
Tags: preliminary, questions, surveys, opinion, literature
This paper compares the research methodology used by anthropologists Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, who studied Kalahari Desert Bushmen, and Tim O'Meara, who studied Samoan planters.
Abstract This paper related that Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, author of "The Harmless People" (1989), and Tim O'Meara, author of "Samoan Planters: Tradition and Economic Development in Polynesia" (1990), used simple anthropological research methodology to study the influence of external forces like globalization and development on primitive civilizations, such as the Kalahari Desert Bushmen and the Samoan planters. The author points out that both anthropologists situated themselves in the community being studied. O'Meara mixed with the local Samoan farmers to learn how they behave and interact, whereas, Thomas relied only on her observations of the Bushmen. The paper relates that O'Meara's method, limited by his research question, focused on developmental stages rather than on how people evolved; on the other hand, Thomas concentrated on the outcome of her subjects' ways of living.
From the Paper "Taking each day at a time, he had been able to relate with the locals at a personal level. He encountered their personal life by mixing with the male members of society. For example, he learned why the male considered it illicit to meet with their sisters. The Samoan men were proud of their ability to deflower virgins but it was injurious to their family pride if their females were subjected to such conduct. O'Meara hence depended on mixing with the locals to learn how they behave and how they interact."
Abstract This study attempts to discern whether a qualitative or quantitative approach to research methodology is appropriate for examining PALS. PALS measures young children's knowledge of important literacy fundamentals, including phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, knowledge of letter sounds, spelling concept of word, word recognition in isolation, and oral passage reading.
Outline
Literature Review: Introduction to Research Methodology
History of Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Education and Literacy
Quantitative Methods
Research in Education
Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper "In fact, there are many that might argue that a quantitative approach is preferable to a qualitative approach in all situations regardless of the phenomena being studied (Myburgh, Poggenpoel & Van Der Linde, 2001) because it lends itself to less 'subjective analysis.' However further exploration into the matter suggests that qualitative analysis is not subjective in nature and may in fact be the preferred method for research analysis into complex behavioral issues, particularly when the researcher is attempting to determine patterns in behavior and conduct (Myburgh, et. al, 2001).
That there is a great deal of 'opinion' surrounding the issue of both qualitative and quantitative research methodology cannot be argued. Thus research will be examined from both perspectives, qualitative and quantitative, in order to ascertain which methodology is best suited to provide detailed analysis of the PALS program, and in order to determine which methodology should be adopted by the researcher to provide adequate insight into the given phenomena that the researcher is attempting to explore. No conclusions will be made with regard to the legitimacy of either research approach until the final portion of this analysis, where a determination will be made as to whether a qualitative or quantitative approach is more appropriate in this particularly setting."
This paper is a research proposal to study the extent to which native German cultural influences are not only present in society but also felt by the people living in Texas today.
Abstract This examines how Texas' history is deeply infused with German influence because, in the early 1800s, Texas was portrayed in Germany as an available new territory with large plots of fertile land and much wild game, which attracted many Germans to Texas. The author points out that the research is limited to a historical exploratory analysis of German influence in Texas and oral interviews to provide additional information about the modern 'trends' in Texan culture and the extent to which natives believe German influence is still present within the state culture and identity.
Outline
Introduction/Scope of Study
Background
Project Specs
Significance of Study
Methods
From the Paper "The researcher proposes that the questions developed for oral interviews remain brief and 'open ended' in order to insure that as much information as possible is gathered from participants. Questions will focus on the individuals background (cultural decent), perceptions of German influence in Texas, and likes/dislikes about perceived influences in Texas culture. From the information gathered from the oral interviews and literature review, the researcher will propose conclusions regarding the relevance of German influence in Texas culture today."
Tags: exploratory, trends, interviews, identity, language
Abstract This paper explains that the attachment theory demonstrates that attachment is not a race or culturally specific phenomenon because it is an instinctive, biological motivated need, which all humans have and use to adapt to their environment during the earliest stages of development. The author points out that the combination of humanistic and existential psychotherapies offers a wide range of approaches in case conceptualization, therapeutic goals, intervention strategies and research methodologies. The paper relates that play therapy is a psychoanalytic tool, which is based on the assumption that a child's internal issues can be tied to various unconscious conflicts and deficits, which reveal themselves during play sessions.
Table of Contents
Overview of the Content of the Literature Review
Purpose of the Literature Review
Scope of the Literature Review
Parameters and Limitations of the Review
Attachment Theory
Existential Humanistic Theories
Existentialism
Humanistic Psychology
Play Therapy
Existential Therapy for Alice: A Case
Conclusion
Gaps in the Literature
Considerations for Alice
Final Comments and Reflections on the Literature from the Researchers
From the Paper "Attachment theory is one of the key theories associated to the study of developmental psychology and is considered an extension of psychoanalytic theory. It was Sigmund Freud who first understood by his observing children's attachment to their primary care givers which became the foundation for the model of a child's attachment throughout adult life. Later, John Bowlby's theories of attachment added to this original concept. Considered the major theorist on attachment theory, Bowlby (1939) began explaining and developing attachment theory based on his observations and conclusions. Bowlby took a radical departure from Freud's model of the pleasure principle and focused on the social interactive aspects of attachments with specific focus on the infants need for safety and security."
