Abstract This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hatecrimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime HateCrime Ritual Crimes Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper "Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
Abstract This paper provides an argument in support of hatecrime legislation as a means of reducing racial intolerance and providing better education about racial tolerance. It contends that such laws are necessary because of the nature of the crime itself, to protect victims of racial hatred and to enable rehabilitative penalties than may reduce hatecrimes.
From the Paper "According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI a hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person or property that is motivated in whole or in part by the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic .."
Abstract The paper looks at the criminology of hatecrime offenders and examines the criminological concept of hatecrime and how they are categorized. The paper discusses the various models used, including the socialization model and the "versatile offender approach."
From the Paper "The federal government and most states in the United States have passed laws that distinguish crimes based on prejudice against social groups from other crimes. (Messner et al p) These crimes have become known as hate crimes. Although the exact definition of such crimes vary across states, the term hate crimes usually refers to unlawful, violent, destructive or threatening conduct in which the perpetrator is motivated by prejudice toward the victim's racial, ethnic or social group.
Abstract The paper explains and analyzes the nature of hatecrimes against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered people.
From the Paper "The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis of hate crimes that are directed toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals. Erich Goode argued that there are any number of groups who are categorized on the basis of certain aspects of their behavior, personality, psychological state or even physical characteristics as deviant, leading in many instances to their devaluation and outright victimization by mainstream society. The purpose of this report is therefore to answer two questions."
Abstract This paper discusses the widespread occurrence of hatecrimes in the United States, with a focus on the state of Pennsylvania. The paper contends that most offenders are young and act more out of personal sentiment than organizational strategy. The paper also states that, on a national level, hatecrimes occur across the board and affect all races and most demographics.
From the Paper "Within the last decades, criminal law has delineated a new subset of crime: the hate crime. Hate crimes are defined as any crime "committed against individuals or groups or property based on the real or perceived race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, national origin, or ethnicity of the victims" (Partners Against Hate, 2003) It is the bigoted motivation behind such crimes that separates them from more traditional criminal acts. Hate crimes can be as severe as murder, such as the infamous Matthew Shepherd killing. They may also be as innocuous as racially biased graffiti or intimidation. Hate crime has been a relatively consistent phenomena since it was first tracked, though there have been occasional changes in the populations targeted."
Abstract This paper addresses hatecrimes and hatecrime legislation and rulings. The paper provides examples of hatecrime throughout history, citing the Holocaust. The paper also discusses the severity of hatecrimes, considering them more heinous because they are often in response to human conditions for which the barer has no choice or control of. In addition, the paper examines hatecrime legislation and its effectiveness. Lastly, the paper discusses the challenges of hatecrime legislation, made even more difficult by the constitutional rights to freedom of speech.
Outline:
Historical Origins of HateCrimes Hate Speech, HateCrimes and the Constitution
Pros and Cons of HateCrime Legislation
References
From the Paper "The symbolism of hatred, including the brandishing of swastikas and the burning of crosses as a testament to the belief in the supremacy of one race over another also fall into acts that are protected by constitutional rights. Individuals in the past have not been prosecuted for such demonstrations unless they have somehow broken another law, such as trespassing in the case of cross burning. The difficulty being that the dogma espoused precipitates other unprotected acts of violence against blacks and other undesirable peoples, including Jews. The dogmatic speech associated with white supremacy, is protected by the constitution, and many people become ensconced by the ideas to perpetrate further violence and publicly demonstrate their opinions about superiority and more specifically the inferiority of others."
Abstract This nine-page undergraduate paper discusses the repercussions of slavery on race relations in terms of the national obsession with the black-white racial dichotomy, the reality of the African-American political struggle, and the effect of these realities in American government and popular culture. 9 pgs. 9 f/c. 8b.
Abstract The paper discusses the perception that hatecrime laws benefit and protect only the rights and sensibilities of minorities without benefiting others in the same way. The paper highlights the crucial difference between affirmative action legislation that applies only to some minority classifications to the exclusion of others and hatecrime legislation that applies equally to all Americans, regardless of their race or background. The paper stresses that anti-hatecrime legislation is designed to protect everyone equally, not to divide society at all.
From the Paper "It has been suggested that hate crime laws are unfair because they benefit only the minorities they protect. According to this view, individuals of minority racial persuasions and untraditional sexual orientation are protected by hate crime legislation, but individuals not of a minority racial background and whose gender orientation is traditional rather than non-traditional do not benefit from these types of protective legislation. Similarly, it has also been suggested that the protections afforded under hate crime legislation value the rights of those who benefit from their protections over the respective rights of everybody else."
Abstract This paper takes a look at hatecrimes. The paper defines hatecrimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hatecrimes. The paper further explains that hatecrimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper " We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
Abstract The paper explains that in recent years many states and the federal government have enacted penalty enhancement statutes to punish bias motivated crime, or hatecrimes. These statutes punish the motive behind the crime, thereby punishing the offender's thoughts. Further, the paper argues that we should punish hatecrimes through enforcement priorities and recording statutes which are responsive to the community and do not punish thought. The paper concludes that penalty enhancement statutes are wrong and provides several interesting alternatives that would possibly be more effective. The paper cites numerous cases as evidence for its assertions.
From the Paper "Hate crimes: the definition varies from state to state and person to person. However, a standard definition is any ?offense[s] motivated by hatred against a victim based upon his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin.? It may seem that hate crimes are nothing new to American culture, and in most ways they are not. Hatred has been almost as much of a contributor to the development of the United States legal system as has tolerance. The two are in a constant battle for superiority. Hatred and bigotry is what allowed slavery's survival, the Japanese internment camps of World War II, and the strength of the Ku Klux Klan and segregationists less than a century ago. But until recently, the government has been able to control the negative factors of our society without infringing on the rights guaranteed by the first Amendment."
Abstract This paper is on "HateCrimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hatecrimes". It further explains how racism and hatecrimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the HateCrimes Prevention Act is treating this issue.
Abstract This paper looks at the problem that hatecrimes present to society. The paper provides some FBI statistics on hatecrimes, discusses some of the problems associated with combating the crimes, looks at legislation enacted in the United States designed to counter them, and talks about hatecrime prevention groups and how they can be effective in deterring hatecrimes.
From the Paper "Legislation in the United States has established harsher penalties for hate crimes over the past decade, which has been welcomed by many people, but criticized by others. (Wikipedia) Some people argue that women and minorities, such as blacks and gays, are getting "special treatment" by the establishment of strict hate crime penalties. This narrow-minded view is one obstacle in investigating and controlling hate crimes. It can also be difficult for investigators to distinguish hate crimes from other crimes, because it is necessary not only to prove what events happened, but what the intention of the perpetrator was. They are usually detected by a background investigation of the accused perpetrator or by eyewitness reports. Circumstantial evidence can sometimes show the intent, such as a diary or journal belonging to the accused that established a biased mindset. Getting a hate crime conviction can also be very difficult because there are very strict rules decided on by the FBI. (Wikipedia)"
Abstract This paper uses a rational-choice economic approach to analyze hateful behavior in a manner that would be consistent of a crime scene statistician. The theoretical model predicts that hateful activity decreases with increases in (i) the market wage rate, (ii) the value of time, (iii) age, and (iv) law enforcement activity. The theory is tested on U.S. state hate-crime data and the empirical results provide convincing support for the model.
From the Paper "Until recently, the United States had been relatively immune from the destructive consequences of international hate. After the September 11th bombings, hate crimes toward any and all racial minorities who even appeared to be from the Mid-East increased exponentially. Hateful behavior, both foreign and domestic, has become a major social problem in the twenty-first century. America's future in terms of crime and, for this model: hate crime, will in large part depend upon law enforcement and crime scene professionals understanding the forces that transform hate into acts of violence"
Tags:crime, violence, vengence, revenge, racism, antisemitism, ethnic, data, theory
Abstract The paper discusses the racism directed at Arabs prior to September 11 and relates that the American media was characterized by stereotypical images and there were many incidences of hatecrimes against Arab-Americans. The paper then shows how the terrorist attacks of September 11 compounded the problem of racism against Arab-Americans in particular. The paper decries the U.S. government's response of legislation that actually erodes the constitutional protections afforded by the Bill of Rights. The paper concludes that racism against Arab-Americans is not going away anytime soon.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, many observers were heard to note that "nothing would ever be the same again," and in some ways they were right. For instance, according to Cole and Dempsey (2002), the terrorist attacks of September 11 have affected the entire world, but especially American society in ways that continue to erode civil liberties without providing the protections of national security that are actually required. Today, threats from Al-Qaeda continue to haunt the American consciousness and it seems that Osama bin Laden will never be captured despite promises from the country's leadership that he was "a dead man walking." The many heads of the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization are manifesting themselves in more than 40 countries around the world like so many dragons, and it would seem that an increasing number of Americans are scared that so-called "sleeper cells" comprised of Arab Americans are already amongst them."
Abstract This paper refers to an important topic of social science ethics in how research projects are presented to subjects regarding controversial subjects, in this case, attitudes towards the victims of hatecrimes, as members of racial minorities, or as gay or lesbian victims. The writer notes that in C.J. Lyons' study of 2006, "Stigma or Sympathy? - Attribution of Fault to HateCrime Victims and Offenders" one finds reference to other studies on similar questions indicating that racist attacks were more condemned than those affecting gays or lesbians. The writer points out that if Lyons' research is accurate, educated attitudes towards gays and lesbians are not as accepting as might be assumed. The writer maintains that, as this paper ventures, much depends on how questions are presented to study participants or what they understand a study's purpose or hypotheses to be.
Outline:
Introduction
Method, Observations and 'Findings'
Implications
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "Lyons is a young scholar of crime and deviance, inter-group conflict, stratification and urban sociology whose work tends to be claimed by Social Psychology. His doctoral research centered on inter-racial hate crimes in Chicago. Of importance is how non-involved parties respond to incidents of hate crime and matters of contrast in reactions that brought into view lesser concern for hate crimes affecting homosexuals. It is implied that American attitudes have come to denounce racially motivated hate crimes, in direct sympathy for victims, while gay and lesbian victims may face indifference and further stigma. Perpetrators of crimes against persons of a different race were denounced but Lyons perceived that this was not as true when victims were gays or lesbians with far more questions regarding events, initial responses to insults, or how gay or lesbian victims engaged in disputes with persons to utter anti-gay remarks or threats."
